滴定 アプリケーション

Sodium lactate is a salt form of lactic acid used in many regulated industries—therefore an accurate determination of the lactate content is required and is already covered in several norms. One such monograph by the US Pharmacopoeia (USP) results in high accuracies and well-defined titration curves but uses titrants and solvents that are more costly than necessary. In comparison, the presented modified method from Metrohm requires a 1:1 mixture of water and acetone and uses aqueous hydrochloric acid as titrant, resulting in an estimated cost reduction of 40% per titration compared to the USP method (USP–NF 2021, Issue 2). Furthermore, the time needed for each analysis is reduced to just 12% of the USP method (excluding blank determination). This Application Note presents both methods to determine lactate content and shows the results obtained on an OMNIS system.

Online acid number analysis in various oil products is possible with thermometric catalytic titration according to ASTM D8045 using the 2060 TI Ex Proof Process Analyzer.

過酸化水素法-酸化プロピレン（HPPOプロセス）製造プロセスにおいて過酸化水素含有量をオンラインでモニタリングするには、2060 TI Ex Proof プロセスアナライザーのような堅牢な防爆仕様のソリューションが必要です。

本ホワイトペーパーでは、手動滴定と比較した場合の自動滴定装置の利点およびメリットをまとめています。測定における精度および正確さの向上に加え、時間およびコストの大幅な削減についても解説しています。

この技術資料カタログは、半導体製造に関わる品質管理において、メトロームの分析機器を使用して分析可能なパラメータを一覧にまとめたものです。

バイオディーゼルのような脂肪酸メチルエステル（FAME）の酸価は、OMNIS と Optrode を用いた光度滴定法により、EN 14104 に準拠して測定することができます。

本研究で示すように、OMNIS システムを用いることで、Epton 二相滴定法によるイオン性界面活性剤の正確かつ信頼性の高い測定が可能です。

本アプリケーションでは、陽イオン性界面活性剤 TEGOtrant の標準化を、電位滴定法および近赤外分光法（NIRS）を用いて実施します。

OMNISクライアント/サーバーは、拡張性のあるサーバー管理により業務効率を向上させ、拠点全体のハードウェア、エネルギー使用量、保守コストを削減することでコスト削減を実現します。

本アプリケーションノートに示すように、Pt ティトロードを装備した OMNIS ティトレーターは、希釈された滴定液であっても濃度を正確かつ信頼性高く測定できます。

本実験では、OMNIS 電位差自動滴定装置と Pt ティトロードを電極として用いた、ビート結晶糖中の低濃度亜硫酸塩の電位差自動滴定について説明します。

本アプリケーションでは、自動滴定装置と オプトロード を用いた光度滴定法により、ASTM D3242 に準拠したジェット燃料中の酸価を完全自動で測定する手法を説明します。

This bulletin deals with the automated determination of mixtures of HNO3, HF and H2SiF6 in the range of approximately 200-600 g/L HNO3, 50-160 g/L HF, and 0-185 g/L H2SiF6 using thermometric titration.Etch acid mixtures containing HNO3, HF and H2SiF6 from the etching of silicon substrates can be analyzed in a sequence of two determinations using the 859 Titrotherm. The first determination involves a direct titration with standard c(NaOH) = 2 mol/L, followed by a back titration with c(HCl) = 2 mol/L. This determination yields the H2SiF6 content plus a value for the combined (HNO3+HF) contents. The second determination consists of a titration with c(Al3+) = 0.5 mol/L to determine the HF content. For freshly made up mixtures of HNO3 and HF containing no H2SiF6, a linked two-titration sequence is employed. Results from the two determinations are used by tiamoTM to yield individual results for HNO3, HF and H2SiF6.

This bulletin discusses automated determination of sodium in milk products available to the public using a 859 Titrotherm and a 814 USB Sample Processor. The sodium content of milk can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically with a standard solution of Al3+ as titrant. Thermometric titrations are conducted under conditions of constant titrant addition rate. The molarity of the titrant is computed automatically in tiamoTM (software) with the SLO command. Results are reported as mg Na/100 mL. In addition to this application bulletin, you can find more information on thermometric sodium determination in foods in our application video available on YouTube:https://youtu.be/lnCp9jBxoEs

This bulletin deals with the automated determination of calcium and magnesium in commercially available finished milk products using a 859 Titrotherm and a 814 USB Sample Processor. Calcium and magnesium in milk can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Na4EDTA as titrant.Thermometric titrations are conducted under conditions of constant titrant addition rate. The molarity of the titrant is computed automatically in tiamo (software) using the SLO command. Results are reported as mg Ca and Mg/100 mL.

The phosphoric acid content can be easily titrated with a standardized solution of 2 mol/L NaOH. The interfering calcium content in phosphoric fertilizer can be eliminated by adding a saturated oxalate solution.

Phosphate can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Mg2+ as titrant. The phosphate-containing solution is basified and buffered with NH3/NH4Cl solution before titration. The formation of insoluble MgNH4PO4 is exothermic. The method is a titrimetric adaptation of a classical gravimetric procedure. This bulletin deals with the determination of phosphate in phosphoric acid and granular fertilizers such as MAP (monoammonium phosphate), DAP (diammonium phosphate) and TSP (triple superphosphate). Results are reported as percentage of P and P2O5.

Sulfate can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Ba2+ as titrant. In industry, the widespread procedure is applied to the determination of sulfate in wet-process phosphoric acid.

Sulfate can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Ba2+ as titrant. In industry, the widespread procedure is applied to the determination of sulfate in wet-process phosphoric acid. This bulletin deals with the determination of sulfate in granular fertilizers such as MAP (monoammonium phosphate), DAP (diammonium phosphate) and TSP (triple superphosphate). Results are reported as percentage of elemental sulfur, %S.

In an acidic solution (containing NH4F * HF, Al(NO3)3 / KNO3) sodium forms NaK2AlF6 which precipitates in an exothermic solution, enabling analysis by thermometric titration. Several foods were analyzed, namely bouillon, gravy, tomato ketchup, corn chips, pretzel sticks as well as crackers. The reproducibility of the results was good. After weighing in and adding solutions, samples were crushed with a polytron to ensure homogeneity in the measuring solution. Relative standard deviations were between 0.08% and 3.75%. In addition to this application bulletin, you can find more information on thermometric sodium determination in foods in our application video available on YouTube:https://youtu.be/lnCp9jBxoEs

温度滴定法は、ASTM D8045に準拠して各種原油製品の全酸価（TAN）を測定することが可能であり、センサーの保守を必要としない点で優れた利便性を示します。本手法では、温度変化を指標として滴定終点を検出するため、電極の汚染や劣化に伴うメンテナンス作業が不要となり、連続測定や高頻度の品質管理において高い実用性を有しております。また、複雑なマトリックスを含む重質油に対しても良好な再現性と信頼性を示すことから、原油評価における有効な分析手法の一つとして位置づけられます。

Nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and acetic acid are easily determined in etching baths using thermometric titration (TET). Compared to potentiometric titration, TET is faster and more convenient. Analysis is complete in less than two minutes.

This Application Note presents a potentiometric titration method for a potassium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate assay meeting all USP General Chapter <1225> requirements.

This Application Note details the determination of acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) in several pharmaceutical samples in compliance with USP<301> standards.

The acid number (AN) is a measure for the quality of oils and their potential to enhance corrosion. When analyzing fresh, unused oils, the AN is used to ensure the specified quality from the manufacturer, whereas for used oils the AN is determined to observe its increase until a critical level is reached. Although it is generally assumed that the AN correlates to the corrosive potential of the oil, this is not exactly correct, as it is the change of the AN value which indicates this issue. Therefore it is necessary to determine the AN on a regular basis.Several standards already exist to determine AN via titration methods, however it is also possible to measure this parameter via spectroscopic (NIRS) methodology. No matter which technique you choose, Metrohm has you covered with high-performance instruments suitable for these published norms.

The thermometric titration method presented here permits a simple and direct determination of the total acid number (TAN) in petroleum products. It is an invaluable alternative to current manual and potentiometric methods. Thermometric titration uses a maintenance-free temperature sensor that does not require rehydration and is free of fouling and matrix effects. The procedure requires minimal sample preparation. Results agree closely with those from the potentiometric titrimetric procedure according to ASTM D664, but the thermometric titration method is far superior in terms of reproducibility and speed of analysis, with determinations being complete in approximately one minute.

The acid number (AN) of insulating, transformer, and turbine oils is crucial to ensure safe operation, operating equipment control, and corrosion prevention. These oils generally have low AN specifications and their AN determination by manual color-indicator titration is difficult, especially when analyzing colored samples.Using a Titrator with a photometric sensor to detect the end point ensures that the titrations are always carried out under the same conditions. This greatly increases the precision and reliability of the results, which in turn results in improved monitoring for your operations.

Automated determination of total acid number (TAN) in new and used lubricating oils and crude oils using the 814 USB Sample Processor. Dissolve oil sample in mixture of toluene and 2-propanol, add paraformaldehyde and titrate with 0.1 mol/L or 0.01 mol/L KOH in propan-2-ol. The endpoint is indicated by an endothermic response caused by the base-catalyzed depolymerization of paraformaldehyde.Reference: 1. M. J. D. Carneiro, M. A. Feres Júnior, and O. E. S. Godinho. Determination of the acidity of oils using paraformaldehyde as a thermometric end-point indicator. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 13 (5) 692-694 (2002)

Determination of Total Acid Number (TAN) values in biodiesel to <0.05 mg KOH/g sample.

This Application Bulletin describes the determination of the total acid number in various oil samples by catalytic thermometric titration as per ASTM D8045.

This Application Bulletin shows the determination of the total base number in petroleum products by applying different titration types according to various standards.

エンジンオイルの正確な酸価（Acid Number）および塩基価（Base Number）を知ることは、その品質を判断する上で重要です。また、エンジンオイルの全酸価（TAN）および全塩基価（TBN）をモニタリングすることで、エンジン部品の損傷を防ぐことができます。完全合成油および従来型のエンジンオイルのどちらについても、TANおよびTBNは正確に測定可能です。 この技術資料では、電位差自動滴定装置を使用して、エンジンオイルサンプル中のTAN（ASTM D664）およびTBN（ASTM D2896）の測定方法を紹介します。OMNISサンプルロボット SおよびdSolvotrodes電極を備えたOMNIS タイトレーターを使用し、同時に自動測定を行います。

この技術資料は、アミンの非水過塩素酸滴定について紹介しています。トリエタノールアミン (TEA) の濃度は、ソルボトロード・イージークリーン (Solvotrode easyClean) 電極と塩化リチウム-エタノールを電解液(電極内部液)として用い、過塩素酸-氷酢酸溶媒で滴定します。

全酸価（TAN：Total Acid Number）は、油類や燃料の酸性度を評価するうえで重要な指標です。本アプリケーションノートでは、導電率滴定法を用いてTANを測定します。

One of the most important components of hops in terms of brewing is the alpha acids. They have a huge influence on the bitterness and flavor of the beer. On their own they are not bitter, but thermal isomerization converts them into iso-alpha acids, which have an intensely bitter taste and thus form the basis of a typical sensory feature of beer. More than 85% of the bitterness of beer is attributed by these iso-alpha acids. The concentration of iso-alpha acids in beers ranges from 10 to 100 mg/L depending on the type and amount of hops added. Other transformation products of alpha acids are humulinones, which are formed by the oxidation of alpha acids during the processing hops into pellets or air drying the hops. Therefore, it is essential to know the alpha acid content in hop products before brewing begins. This Application Note describes the determination of alpha acids by conductometric titration with lead acetate as titrant and methanol as solvent.

This Application Note describes the conductometric determination of the total base number according to IP 400.

This White Paper gives an overview of the energy-intensive nitrification process that converts ammonia into less harmful nitrogen compounds at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It displays the results from a field test at a WWTP, showcasing the positive influence of single-method process analyzers on the efficiency of the nitrification process.

アルカリ度（時には水の酸消費量とも呼ばれる）は、酸を中和する能力の指標となります。主に炭酸水素塩や炭酸塩含有量に依存して決まります。したがって、総アルカリ度（M-アルカリ度）と炭酸塩アルカリ度（P-アルカリ度）の区別がなされます。 総アルカリ度（M-アルカリ度）は、塩酸を滴定溶液とした滴定によりpH 4.5まで行われます（pH4.5は、指示薬メチルオレンジの変色点となります。）。終点をpHが8.3とした場合は、炭酸塩アルカリ度（P-アルカリ度）となります。（pH 8.3は、指示薬フェノールフタレインの変色点となります。） この技術資料では、滴定による水のpHとアルカリ度の測定方法を解説しています。この手法は、EPA 310.1、標準方法2320 B（滴定法）、ASTM D1067、さらにEN ISO 9963-1と9963-2、上水試験法、JIS K 0400-15-10及び-20に準拠しています。（JIS k 0400-15-20 の終点は、pH5.4ですが、滴定装置の設定を変更することで対応できます。）

リン酸は三価の無機酸で、多くの用途に使用されます。リン酸は、リン酸肥料の製造原料、洗剤、リン酸燃料電池の電解質、錆除去剤、鉄や亜鉛のパッシベーションによる防食などに用いられます。この技術資料では、リン酸の濃度を水酸化ナトリウムで滴定し、すべての解離可能なプロトンを含む濃度を測定する酸-塩基滴定の方法が紹介されています。

塩酸は強い無機鉱酸であり、化学工業において非常に重要な役割を担っています。塩酸を水酸化ナトリウムで電位差滴定する方法は、実験室で行われる最も重要かつ頻繁な分析の一つです。本アプリケーションノートでは、pH電極に統合されたPt1000温度センサーを用いて、最も正確な結果を得るためにNaOHで塩酸の濃度を測定する酸塩基滴定法をご紹介します。

水中に自然に存在するカルシウムおよびマグネシウムは、設備のチューブや配管を詰まらせる主な原因であり、場合によっては設備の故障やプロセス効率の低下につながります。パイプラインの問題やプロセス、設備のシャットダウンを避けるためにも、水の硬度（カルシウムおよびマグネシウム）は、頻繁に測定されなければいけません。 この資料では、ASTM D8192準拠による水の硬度測定を測定しています。自動滴定装置に光度滴定電極を使用して、カルシウムとマグネシウムの総量を測定しています。

Mannitol content determination is an important aspect of quality control in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Selective oxidative cleavage can be used to quantify the amount of 1,2-diol groups in the analyte. Determining the 1,2-diol content by iodometric titration can be fully automated for the most accurate results using an automated titrator and the dPt Titrode from Metrohm.

光度滴定センサーOptrode（610 nm）を用いて、水試料中の全硬度、カルシウム硬度、マグネシウム硬度を測定を紹介したアプリケーション。

White paper on monitoring corrosion and the benefits of online or inline chemical analysis over manual sampling and offline laboratory methods for corrosion monitoring. Online and inline process application solutions for corrosion prevention with related application notes for further information are presented.

この技術資料は、メトロームの自動滴定装置OMNIS と 888タイトランドの両方を保有している台湾のお客様が、実際に比較実験して、アルミニウム エッチング浴中の硝酸、リン酸、酢酸の測定、水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム (TMAH) の濃度定量をしたデータをいただいたものです。同一の分析パラメーターが使用され、OMNIS が他の滴定装置と同等またはそれ以上の結果をもたらすことが示されました。

さまざまな非水製品（非水系溶媒中）のカフェイン含有量を、逆滴定ではなく、正滴定で正確に測定できます。dSolvotrode電極を使用した OMNIS 自動滴定装置は、高性能ソフトウェアと組み合わせた柔軟な分析により、カフェインの非水滴定を正確におこなえます。

この技術資料では、OMNIS サンプル ロボット S と dUnitrode電極を搭載したOMNIS 電位差自動滴定装置を使用して、水溶液中のピロリン酸塩含有量を正確に測定する方法を紹介しています。

ヨウ素逆滴定は、さまざまな水性サンプル中のカフェイン含有量を正確に測定するために使用される正確な方法です。この技術資料では、dPt 電極を備えた OMNIS 滴定装置を使用したヨウ素逆滴定法により、水性サンプル中のカフェイン含有量を正確に測定しています。

リチウムイオン電池 (LIB) は、世界中で普及している充電式の電池です。この技術資料では、自動滴定装置、イオンクロマトグラフ、カールフィッシャー水分計を使用したリチウムイオン電池製造工程における品質管理分析例を紹介しています。

This Application Note presents a complementary method that allows a consecutive determination after the sample preparation (digestion) of both metal ions in one beaker with an optical sensor and xylenol orange as an indicator.

This Application Note shows the automatic pH adjustment of a mixture of acetonitrile, water and amine using a Metrohm titrator.

臭素価は、石油製品中の脂肪族 C = C 二重結合の測定において重要なパラメータです。臭素価は通常、臭化物/臭素酸塩溶液からその場で臭素が生成される 5℃での電量滴定を用いて測定されます。滴定に対しては、氷酢酸、メタノールおよびクロロホルムの混合溶媒が使用されます。この技術資料では、毒性クロロホルムを炭酸ジエチルに置き換えて測定しています。

カーボンブラックのヨウ素吸着量 (IAN) は表面積に比例するため、カーボンブラックの特性評価に用いられます。揮発性の有無、表面の多孔性、または抽出物がヨウ素吸着量に影響を与えます。この技術資料では、自動滴定装置による、サンプル前処理を含むヨウ素吸着量（IAN）の完全自動測定について解説しています。

Determination of Total Acid Number (TAN) values in mineral oils and similar fluids.

Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in oils.

ヨウ素価 (IV) は、油脂に存在する二重結合の総数の尺度です。 「油脂100グラム中の二重結合と反応するヨウ素のグラム数」で表されます。 測定は、秤量したサンプルをシクロヘキサンなどの非極性溶媒に溶解し、氷酢酸を加えることによって行われます。 二重結合は、過剰の一塩化ヨウ素の氷酢酸溶液（「Wijs 溶液」）と反応します。 反応を促進するために水銀イオンが添加されます。 反応終了後、ヨウ化カリウム水溶液を加えて過剰の一塩化ヨウ素をヨウ素に分解し、標準チオ硫酸ナトリウム溶液で滴定します。

Ag-ティトロードを用いた硝酸銀による電位差滴定により、石油製品中の硫化水素およびメルカプタンを同時に定量します。

このアプリケーションでは、EN ISO 660、USP<401>、Ph.Eur. 2.5.1 の規格に基づいて、さまざまな食用油の酸価および遊離脂肪酸の滴定について解説しています。

けん化価は、脂肪酸の平均分子量を示すことで食用油の品質を評価します。キャノーラ油およびオリーブ油におけるその滴定測定についてここで説明します。

This Application Note details a method to determine the peroxide value of edible fats and oils based on EN ISO 27107, EN ISO 3960, AOAC 965.33, Ph.Eur. 2.5.5, and USP<401>.

This Application Note presents a modified time-saving method to determine iodine value (IV) in edible oils based on several standards (EN ISO 3961, ASTM D5554, etc.).

Titrants are normally bought ready to use. However, it is necessary to determine the accurate concentration of your titrant solution on a regular basis using a primary standard. To correct the mentioned variation, a so-called «titer factor» is applied. The titer can be easily and quickly assessed by using the Metrohm brand of autotitrators. Predefined calculation formulas implemented in Metrohm titrators or software, respectively, as well as the automatic storage of the titer factor, makes standardization a simple task.

Basic chemicals are added to petroleum products to prevent corrosion as they neutralize acidic components that form during the use and aging of these products. The base number (BN) gives an indication regarding the amount of these basic additives present, and it can be used as a measure for the degradation of the petroleum product.This Application Note describes the potentiometric determination of the base number according to ISO 3771, ASTM D2896, and IP 276 using the Metrohm Solvotrode easyClean and a fully automated OMNIS system.

This Application Note describes the photometric determination of zinc sulfate using the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm. Complexometric titration of zinc requires EDTA as titrant and Eriochrome Black T as indicator. The method fully complies with Ph. Eur. and USP.

In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), the pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and Ca/Mg content (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2). Additionally, the system transfers the required sample volume into an external titration vessel for the analysis, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.

Due to its price and wide availability, the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS; SDS) can be found in many detergents as an emulsifier or as a fat solvent e.g., in cleaning or cosmetic products. To avoid causing severe dry skin and hair, and thus skin irritation, regulations in many countries have restricted the sodium lauryl sulfate concentration in ready-to-use products to a range between 0.05–2.5% SLS. To control the concentration of SLS in different products, a titration is carried out with TEGO® trant A100 and the Optrode. The evaluation is done automatically by means of a software, leading to reliable and reproducible results.

Citric acid and oxalic acid are present in many products, such as foods or chemical solvents (e.g., decontamination solutions). Both acids are reducing agents and citric acid is additionally a powerful antioxidant. Due to their mutual impact (buffer effect), a content calculation is only possible with correction factors for each acid. A fast and accurate determination by potentiometric titration using the dEcotrode plus and sodium hydroxide as titrant can be realized in this Application Note.

This Application Note presents a potentiometric titration method for trace H2S analysis in water on an OMNIS system using silver nitrate and an Ag Titrode.

Peroxides are often used for disinfection and water treatment purposes due to their antiseptic properties. Lower concentrations between 0.3–3% are used in households, while higher concentrations can be used for sterilization purposes. Additionally, peroxides are utilized as oxidizing and bleaching agents. Peroxides, perborates, and percarbonates can easily be determined by titration. This application note presents two titration methods for peroxide analysis: ASTM D2180 for concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions, and a second method for trace determination of hydrogen peroxide, suitable for concentrations as low as 0.4 mg/L.

Boehm titration is a quantitative analysis of functional groups on the surface of carbon materials based on their reactions with basic solutions of NaHCO3 (pKa = 6.4), Na2CO3 (pKa = 10.3), and NaOH (pKa = 15.7). This is a cost-efficient method that gives absolute values with high precision of the accessible, mainly oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. Originally, Boehm titration was developed for carbon materials like conductive carbon black (CCB), activated carbon, porous carbon, and graphite. Modern carbon-based materials like graphene, graphene oxide (GO), or carbon nanotubes can also be analyzed this way.

Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of treating both drinking water and wastewater. Aluminum salts such as aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) are often used for this purpose. For the precise application and exact dosage of the flocculant, it is important to accurately determine its aluminum content. In this Application Note, the aluminum content is accurately and reliably analyzed based on ABNT NBR 11176 using the 859 Titrotherm equipped with a Thermoprobe HF and sodium fluoride as titrant.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remedies are gaining popularity in other cultures. In some TCM, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is used as a preservative, antioxidant, and disinfectant. The products are treated by sulfurization with SO2 gas. However, sulfur dioxide is a very poisonous gas. Global health authorities have set strict limits for the content of SO2 in products. It is therefore of crucial importance to determine the sulfur dioxide content to comply with these limits. In this well-suited method, the SO2 content in different natural TCM products are analyzed reliably and accurately according to ISO 22590 using the Eco Titrator equipped with an Optrode and sodium hydroxide as titrant.

If consumed in excess, sodium may damage the cardiovascular system. It is therefore in the interest of food manufacturers to reduce the salt content and while preserving the flavor of the food.To ensure consistent quality, it is critical to know the exact salt content in the raw materials and the final products. This is only possible by performing precise measurements during the production process.This Application Note explains the determination of sodium chloride in dough and bread quickly according to AOAC 971.27 with the Eco Titrator equipped with an Ag Titrode.

In order to consistently manufacture high quality baked goods, it is critical to measure the pH value and acidity content in the raw materials and during the production steps. These factors have a major influence on the taste and storage lifetime of the final product. Consistent product quality is only possible with precise measurements during the process.This Application Note describes the measurement of pH value and the total titratable acidity in flour, dough, and bread using the Eco Titrator from Metrohm.

Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride can be effectively use as disinfectant for water and surfaces. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends, depending on the application, concentrations in disinfectants of 1000 mg/L to 5000 mg/L NaOCl and up to 200 g/L NaCl.This Application Note demonstrates a reliable method to determine the hypochlorite and sodium chloride content in disinfectants by two subsequent argentometric titrations in the range recommended by the WHO.

Nitrogen-based compounds are widely distributed in the environment and are essential growth nutrients for photosynthetic organisms. Therefore, it is important to monitor and control the amount of nitrogen compounds which are released into the environment.In this Application Note, a method to determine the nitrogen content in water by Kjeldahl digestion and distillation followed by a photometric or potentiometric titration according to ASTM D3590 is presented. The universality, precision, and reproducibility of the Kjeldahl method have made it the internationally recognized method for e.g. estimating the protein content in many matrices and it is the standard method to which all other methods are judged against.

Water treatment with ozone (O3) is a common procedure for the disinfection of swimming pools. It is important that a sufficient but not excessive amount of O3 is produced to disinfect the water. Otherwise, the remaining ozone could enter the swimming water, which could irritate the respiratory system or the skin of bathers.Ozone is also used in drinking and waste water treatment because it is significantly more effective than chlorine at inactivating or killing viruses and bacteria. This application note describes a method to determine the ozone concentration in water by potentiometric titration according to DIN 38408-3.

The vaping and electronic cigarette industries have grown impressively in the past decade. The mixtures used in these products are usually called «e-liquid», «e-fluid», or «e-juice». To ensure the quality of these e-liquids, testing the most important quality parameters, such as nicotine content, is required. Nicotine in tobacco is usually determined by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography. Aqueous acid base titration is a much more affordable alternative for this determination. As e-liquids do not contain other components which might interfere with the titration, the aqueous acid base titration presented in this Application Note can be applied for nicotine determination. This method is an affordable and reliable way to determine the nicotine content in e-liquids and their nicotine starting material, ensuring the quality of these products.

The bromine index is an important parameter for the determination of aliphatic C=C double bonds in petroleum hydrocarbons. For the titration, a solvent mixture of glacial acetic acid, methanol, and dichloromethane is usually used.In this Application Note, the chlorinated solvent in the solvent mixture was replaced with toluene, resulting in a more environmentally beneficial method in comparison to ASTM D2710 and IP 299.

The permanganate index (PMI) is a sum parameter that indicates the total load of oxidizable organic and inorganic matter in water. The substances concerned are mainly humic materials/acids that are primarily formed when dead organic material present in soil is further broken down and released into water sources. As it is an indicator of the water quality, testing of the PMI for drinking water is obligatory in many countries.For the determination, it is necessary to heat the stabilized water sample to 95 °C and higher for a stipulated time. Afterwards, the amount of permanganate that has remained after the reaction with the sample is determined titrimetrically. This sample preparation step requires considerable manual effort.In this Application Note, a fully automated procedure for the determination of the PMI according to GB/T 11892 is described, including all sample preparation steps. The gains in productivity because of a reduced manual workload are considerable.

Corrosion of metallic components is an inherent problem for engines, because metals naturally tend to oxidize in the presence of water and/or low pH value. The reserve alkalinity of engine coolants and antirusts is a measure of the buffering ability to absorb acidity. The reserve alkalinity is frequently used for quality control during production and often listed in the specifications of the coolants. A fast and accurate determination is therefore important.This Application Note describes the straightforward determination of reserve alkalinity according to ASTM D1121. Using a fully automated system allows an accurate and reliable determination due to the reduction of human errors. Furthermore, the operator is free to carry out other tasks increasing the efficiency of the laboratory.

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or L-ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissues and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters. It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and immune performance, and is also an important antioxidant. This nutrient is found in many foods and is often used as a dietary supplement.USP general chapter <580> describes a titration technique to determine the assay of Vitamin C as ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate dehydrate, or their mixture in finished dosage forms as capsules, tablets, and oral suspensions. This Application Note demonstrates the Vitamin C determination in water-soluble vitamin tablets. The methodology can also be applied for oil-soluble vitamin or mineral tablets, as well as oil- and water-soluble vitamin or mineral capsules.

Kjeldahl method is used to determine the nitrogen content in organic and inorganic samples. Kjeldahl consists of three steps: digestion, distillation, and titration. During the catalytic digestion step, organic nitrogen1 is converted into ammonium. Sodium hydroxide is added just before the distillation step for converting ammonium into ammonia. Through steam distillation the latter is transferred into the receiver vessel containing an absorbing agent (e.g., boric acid). Finally, the separated ammonia is titrated against sulfuric acid. Protein content in samples can also be determined from the nitrogen content obtained by Kjeldahl setup. USP describes the titration method to determine nitrogen content in organic products using Kjeldahl nitrogen setup. This Application Note illustrates nitrogen determination in heparin sodium. ______________________ 1Kjeldahl is not working for all nitrogen-containing compounds; nitro and azo groups and nitrogen in rings are not included.

The total iron content in iron ore plays a central economic role for mining companies. The higher the iron content in the ore, the more profitable the mining operation. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis is important to determine the most profitable areas to work.The iron ore is dissolved in hydrochloric acid at 80 °C. Afterwards, the iron is quickly and accurately determined by potentiometric titration using the Pt-ring electrode and potassium dichromate as titrant.

The bromine number indicates the degree of unsaturation and relies on the simple addition of bromine to the double bonds of alkenes. One mole of bromine is consumed for each mole of carbon-carbon double (C=C) bond present in a substance. In petroleum products, the bromine number corresponds to the olefin content.Normally, chlorinated solvents are used for the determination of the bromine number. In this Application Note they have been replaced by toluene. This makes the determination more ecological. The titration is performed automatically on an OMNIS system in combination with a double Pt-wire electrode. With this setup, a fast and accurate determination by potentiometric titration can be realized.

The hydroxyl number is an important sum parameter for quantifying the presence of hydroxyl groups in a chemical substance. As a key quality parameter, it is regularly determined in various polymers like resins, paints, polyesterols, fats and solvents. Unlinke other standards, ASTM E1899 works pyridine-free and without refluxing at elevated temperatures for a longer time. It is performed at room temperature, requires only a small sample size, is applicable to extremely low hydroxyl numbers (<1 mg KOH/g sample) and can be performed fully automatically. This Application Note describes the potentiometric determination of the hydroxyl number in 1-octanol and polyethylene glycol according to ASTM E1899, EN 15168 and DIN 53240-3. Using the OMNIS DIS-Cover technique all sample preparation steps can be fully automated. Moreover, the use of an OMNIS Sample Robot allows parallel analysis of multiple samples. The average time per analysis for one sample is thus reduced from approximately 24 min to 12 min., increasing productivity in the laboratory considerably.

Polyurethane (PU) is a class of very important polymers due to its flexibility and insulating properties. It is used in various industries such as the automobile industry, in building construction, as well as in the production of synthetic fibers. PU is mostly produced via a chemical reaction between polyisocyanates and polyols.The isocyanate (NCO) content in the raw material is crucial to control its properties. This Application Note shows an easy and straightforward way to determine the NCO content in polyurethane raw materials using a fully automated titration system from Metrohm.

The titratable acidity gives an indication of the freshness of milk and yogurt as well as other fermented milk products. The determined titratable acidity in milk is mainly given through the absorption of hydroxyl ions by milk proteins and milk salts. The acidity increases with bacterial acidification and with enzymatic lipolysis. The titratable acidity corresponds to the amount of sodium hydroxide required to titrate 100 g sample to a pH value of 8.30.In this Application Note, an easy and accurate method to determine the titratable acidity in milk according to DIN 10316 and in yogurt according to ISO/TS 11869 and IDF/RM 150 is demonstrated.

Water hardness is often determined photometrically using two different indicators and while performing the determination at two different pH values. Additionally, the determination itself is subjective, as the color change is determined by the analyst and not by an analytical device.This application note introduces a more robust option to easily assess calcium, magnesium, and total hardness in water by using the Cu-ISE and two different titrants. Sample preparation is identical for both analyses and can therefore be automated without any issues.

In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), Ca/Mg (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2), and chloride (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into external titration vessels for the different analyses, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.

In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and chloride content (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into an external titration vessel, further reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be calibrated automatically and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.

ケミカル・メカニカル・ポリシャー«CMP»は、シリコンウェハ表面を滑らかにしたり研磨したりするために使用される主要な技術の1つです。一般的には、この工程では、脱イオン水、CMPスラリー(コロイド状シリコンやアルミナ液体分散体)、および過酸化水素(強酸化剤)を一定の濃度と比率で混合する工程です。過酸化水素は経時的に劣化するため、CMP工程を効率よく繰り返し行うためには、その濃度をオンラインで常時監視する必要があります。このように、CMPスラリーが常に規格内であることを確認し、必要に応じて混合物を調整することで、製品の歩留まりを抑制します。

Beer is a popular beverage consumed by millions of people for enjoyment, despite its humble beginnings as a water purification technique in pre-modern times. Brewing beer requires large amounts of water which must adhere to strict alkalinity, hardness, and pH parameters to ensure uniformity in flavor and appearance between each batch. Alkalinity is introduced by carbonates and hydroxides in water which raise and buffer the pH. Hardness, balanced to a large degree by the alkalinity, comes from Ca and Mg ions, mainly present as hydrogen carbonates. Depending on the concentration ranges, the 2035 Process Analyzer or the 2060 Process Analyzer are ideally suited for the fully automatic execution of these important analyses, as well as additional parameters like pH or conductivity. These process analyzers can signal the plant’s distribution system to correct the water chemistry, ensuring consistent product quality. In addition to alkalinity and water hardness, numerous other parameters can also be determined (pH, conductivity, etc.).

Corrosion in the water-steam circuit of power plants leads to shorter lifetimes of most metal components and potentially dangerous situations. Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is a specific case, leading to thinned pipes and elevated Fe concentrations in the circuit. Additionally, metal transport issues such as with Cu from copper heat exchangers can lead to deposition on the high pressure turbine blades, decreasing their efficiency. Current methods can monitor but not prevent these issues, and analysis times are extremely long (up to three weeks). In combination with the power plant’s Distributed Control System (DCS), online monitoring of Fe and Cu with the 2060 Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics ensures that corrosion can be controlled before it affects the power plant efficiency, ultimately decreasing downtime and lowering maintenance costs. Results are offered within 20 minutes, allowing fast adjustments to the water-steam circuit to protect company assets.

水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム(TMAH)は、主に集積回路（IC）、プリント基板（PCB）、フラットパネルディスプレイ（LCD）の製造に用いられる第4級アモニウム塩で、これらのデバイス製造時のフォトリソグラフィ工程で最もよく使用されます。このプロセスアプリケーションノートでは、オンラインプロセス滴定により現像液中のTMAH濃度をモニターする方法を紹介します。これは、複合pH電極を用いてTMAHを正確に監視することができるマルチパラメータ分析技術です。

純粋なニッケルは銀白色の金属で、非常に硬く、耐食性があり、延性があります。これらの顕著な特性のために、ニッケルは、主にコーティングおよび表面工学において多くのアプリケーションで使用されています。無電解ニッケルめっきは、ニッケル‐リン合金の層を工作物の表面にめっきするための自己触媒化学技術です。この方法は、めっきのために金属イオンと反応する還元剤（次亜リン酸ナトリウム）の含有量に依存します。 しかし、めっき浴の薬品の寿命は限られているので、薬品の消費を自動的に監視することが重要なプロセス制御要件となります。めっき浴を長時間使用すると、薬品中の電解質は反応生成物で過負荷になり、工作物の表面および層の特性に悪影響を及ぼします。 このプロセスアプリケーションノートは、ニッケル‐リン合金の均一な層を確実にめっきさせるために、無電解ニッケルめっき浴中の各種活性浴成分を定期的にモニタリングする手法を提案します。

The Kraft process is the dominant pulping process in the pulp and paper industry with the highest chemical recovery efficiency. In order to run each part of the papermaking process optimally, constant quality checks and analyses should be performed. This Process Application Note illustrates the straightforward online analysis of alkali (active, effective, total titratable alkali (TTA)), carbonate, hydroxide, sulfide and the causticizing degree (CE%) in pulping liquors using a 2060 Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

This Process Application Note details the simultaneous online analysis of H2S and NH3 in sour water which was previously treated in the sour water stripper (SWS). The method includes automatic cleaning and calibration. Fast and accurate results are continuously supplied for process control.

塩素は主にイオン交換膜法で生産され、塩水中のカルシウムやマグネシウムなどの不純物は膜の性能や寿命を低下させ、電極損傷や電流効率低下によるコスト増につながります。この技術資料では、硬度として知られるこれらの不純物をオンラインでモニタリングする手法を紹介し、タイムリーな情報取得により膜閉塞を防ぎ、塩素と苛性ソーダの効率的かつ安全な生産を支援する方法に焦点を当てています。

ニコチンは窒素を含むアルカロイドであり、健康に有害で、非常に高い依存性を持つことが特徴です。タバコ製品中のニコチン含有量は、正確に測定し、明確に示す必要があります。 このアプリケーションノートでは、タバコ中のニコチンを非水滴定によって測定する、簡便で分かりやすい方法を紹介します。また、比較のために、ガスクロマトグラフィ（GC）およびイオンクロマトグラフィ（IC）による測定結果も示しています。 クロマトグラフィ法と比較すると、滴定は「絶対法」であり、分析前にシステムを校正する必要がないという利点があります。

この技術資料では、塩水中のリチウム濃度を以下の方法で測定する方法を示します。 電位差滴定法により、リチウムとフッ化物はエタノール中で不溶性のフッ化リチウムとして沈殿します。フッ化アンモニウムを滴定液とし、フッ化物イオン選択電極（ISE）を用いることで、電位差滴定によるリチウムの定量が可能です。 この方法は、原子吸光分析法（AAS）のような他のより高度な技術による食塩水中のリチウムの定量よりも信頼性が高く、より速く、より安価です。

ニッケル、コバルト、マンガン酸化物の混合物である、いわゆる「NCM」は、酸化コバルトなどの従来の化合物に代わる正極材料として注目を集めています。焼結後の材料やリサイクル電池の品質分析は滴定で可能です。この技術資料ではOMNIS とオプションのピペッティングを組み合わせたシステムによる完全自動滴定システムでの測定例を紹介しています。

電気めっきは、製品の表面を腐食や摩耗から保護し、その使用寿命を大幅に延ばすために利用されています。電気めっき浴の代表的な例としては、アルカリ性の脱脂浴、銅、ニッケル、クロムなどの金属や、塩化物、シアン化物といった成分を含む酸性またはアルカリ性の浴液です。OMNIS サンプルロボットシステムは、自動的にサンプルをピペッティングし、分析を行うことで、手動滴定と比較してより信頼性の高い結果が得られ、複数のパラメータを並行して分析できるため、時間効率も向上します。

品質を維持するために、食肉製品中の塩化ナトリウム含有量をモニタリングする必要があります。これは、各公衆衛生当局が定めた制限値を超えてはならないためです。食品中の塩化物含有量は塩分含有量と相関しており、その測定方法はさまざまな規格や標準に記載されています。しかし、食肉サンプルの前処理には、ミキサーによる均質化や水を用いた塩化物抽出が必要であり時間がかかります。作業負担と作業時間を削減するために、この技術資料では、ISO 1841-2 に基づいた銀滴定による食肉製品中の塩化物の全自動電位差滴定法を紹介します。Polytron ホモジナイザーを用いた全自動サンプル前処理についても説明します。

この技術資料では、ISO 21422、IDF 242、AOAC 2015.07、AOAC 2015.08、AOAC 2016.03準拠による牛乳および粉乳中の塩化物を硝酸銀で滴定する全自動電位差滴定法を紹介しています。

コーヒーの味に影響を与える主な要因の多くは、測定可能な化学的特性と相関しています。これには、pH、滴定酸度、屈折率、およびカフェインが含まれます。これらの分析の多くは、従来、時間のかかる液体クロマトグラフィー（LC）技術を使用した手間のかかる手動のサンプル準備プロセスを含んでいました。 この技術資料では、単一の滴定プラットフォームであるOMNISを使用して、コーヒーの主要な品質パラメータを分析するためのより速く、簡単な代替方法について説明します。

この技術資料では、ISO 6557-2規格に基づいたアスコルビン酸の光度滴定法による定量法について説明します。終点の客観性と結果の再現性を高めるために、光度センサーであるOptrode電極を備えた自動滴定装置を使用します。滴定試薬である2,6-ジクロロフェノール-インドフェノール（DCIPまたはDPIP）は、滴定試薬であると同時に指示薬としても機能します。

リチウム塩（炭酸リチウムや水酸化リチウムなど）はリチウムイオン電池の電解質やカソード材料の製造など、様々なアプリケーションに使用されており、自動滴定装置を使用して製造工程の品質管理が行えます。 水酸化リチウムは、車や航空機の重要な潤滑剤であるステアリン酸リチウムの製造にも使用されています。さらに空気清浄剤としても使用されています。 炭酸リチウムは大半がアルミニウムの製造に使用されていますが、ガラスやセラミック業界でも使用されています。さらに鬱病や双極性障害などの精神疾患の治療薬にもなっています。 様々な製造工程で使用される高純度のリチウム塩の品質を把握しておくことが重要です。この資料ではOMNIS滴定装置を使用して水酸化リチウムおよび炭酸リチウムの測定例を紹介しています。

新品と使用済みの石油製品には、添加剤や分解生成物として酸性成分が含まれている場合があります。酸価（AN）は、試料1gあたりのmg KOHとして表される酸の相対的な量を示す指標です。さらに、酸価は潤滑油の品質指標として使用され、これは新しい配合の品質を評価するためだけでなく、使用中の配合の劣化の指標としても利用されます。 非水滴定に適したpH電極を使用することで、終点の信頼性の高い測定が保証されます。柔軟なスリーブダイヤフラムは、特に使用済みエンジンオイルのような強く汚染された試料で使用後の洗浄を容易にします。適切な電極を使用することで、結果の精度と信頼性が大幅に向上します。 このアプリケーションノートでは、pH電極Solvotrode easyCleanを使用したASTM D664およびIP 177に基づく酸価の電位差滴定について説明します。

エポキシ樹脂のエポキシ含有量は、樹脂の反応性および樹脂硬化プロセスによって得られるコーティングの特性に強く影響を与えます。そのため、エポキシ含有量は、メーカーおよび消費者にとって重要な品質管理指標となります。 エポキシ含有量の分析は、サンプル中のエポキシ基と臭化水素の反応に基づいています。臭化水素は、臭化テトラエチルアンモニウム（TEABr）と過塩素酸滴定溶液との反応によって生成されます。 規格 EN ISO 3001 および ASTM D1652 では、エポキシ含有量をエポキシ当量（EEW）として滴定によって測定する方法が定められています。手動滴定の代わりに電位差自動滴定装置 タイトランドとSolvotrode easyClean電極を使用することで、測定の再現性および反復性が大幅に向上します。

揮発性溶媒中の酸性成分の存在は、汚染や保管中の分解、流通過程、または製造工程に起因する場合があります。溶媒中の酸性度が増加すると、保管安定性の低下や化学的腐食など、さまざまな問題が発生する可能性があります。 Optrodeを用いた指示法により、酸性度はフェノールフタレイン指示薬と水酸化ナトリウム滴定液を用いた光度滴定法によって測定されます。揮発性溶媒が水溶性の場合は脱イオン水に溶解し、非水溶性の場合は二酸化炭素を除去したエタノールに溶解して測定を行います。

硝酸リチウムは吸湿性の物質であるため、合成やその他の用途に使用する前に純度の検証が必要です。純度は全自動滴定システムを使用して簡単に測定できます。この分析は、エタノール溶液中でのリチウムとフッ化物の沈殿滴定によって行われます。滴定の利点は、ICP-MS などの他の技術のように、硝酸リチウムをエタノールに溶解した後に希釈する必要がないことです。

この技術資料では、電位差自動滴定装置を使用した酸性銅鍍金液浴中の塩化物イオン測定を紹介しています。

この技術資料では、サトウキビのジュース中に含まれるカルシウム化合物を測定する方法を紹介しています。砂糖溶液中の石灰塩の濃度（特に薄液と濃厚液）の制御が重要です。これらのサンプル中の石灰塩の濃度を測定するために、錯滴定がしばしば用いられます。 自動滴定装置にイオン選択電極（ISE）を使用することで、色の変化の判断の主観性が排除されます。

Potentiometric titration with silver nitrate can be used for the determination of mercaptans in refinery products. This Application Note describes their automatic determination in a middle distillate sample (gas oil).

Mercury can be determined in alkali media using back titration with zinc sulfate. Eriochrome black T is used as the indicator for this procedure. The Optrode is used for indication at a wavelength of 502 nm.

Magnesium can be determined with the Cu ISE. A small amount of Cu-EDTA complex is used as an indicator, as the Cu ISE is not selective for magnesium itself.

Manganese in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in alkali solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.

This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of barium in aqueous solutions with a copper ion-selective electrode.

This Application Note describes the photometric determination of bismuth nitrate using the Optrode (520 nm). The sample is titrated with EDTA solution past the endpoint; xylene-orange is used as the indicator. The method for bismuth nitrate fulfills the directives defined in the Ph. Eur. and the USP.

This Application Note describes the digestion of a cement sample and the photometric determination of iron in accordance with DIN EN 196-2 by means of Optrode at 610 nm. Sulfosalicylic acid is used as the indicator and EDTA as the titrant for the determination.

Determination of reducing sugars in wine and candies according to Fehlings method by potentiometric/iodometric titration using the Pt-Titrode.

Determination of lidocaine in ointments by potentiometric titration with sodium tetraphenylborate using the NIO surfactant electrode.

酒石酸硫酸陽極酸化処理 (TSA) は　航空宇宙産業における腐食保護のための確立された技術です。これは環境に無害なクロム酸陽極酸化プロセスに対する選択肢の1つです。それゆえ、TSAめっき浴における硫酸および酒石酸のレベルをモニタリングするメソッドが必要とされます。これまでに電位差滴定メソッドが開発され、業界で幅広く使われています。この短所は、異なる電極と溶媒を用いる2つの滴定が必要だということです。このApplication Noteでは、2つの酸の濃度を温度センサーを用いて順次測定する代替メソッドが紹介されています。電位差滴定に比べると、TETはより速く、より便利な方法です (センサーのメンテナンス不要)。完全自動システムでは、両パラメータの測定に、およそ7分かかります。

Thermometric titration is used for the determination of hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid in acid mixtures. Two endpoints appear on the titration curve that are used for the determination of the two acids.

This Application Note deals with the determination of ferric ion in acidic and copper-free solutions using thermometric titration. The ferric ion is reduced by iodide. The released iodine reacts exothermically when titrated with thiosulfate solution. The endpoint is determined through temperature plotting by the temperature sensor Thermoprobe.

Sulfate is precipitated by reaction with an acidified barium chromate solution. The excess barium chromate is precipitated by basification with ammonia solution. Residual soluble chromate equivalent to the sulfate content of the sample is titrated with a solution of standard ferrous ion to a thermometrically determined endpoint.

Hypochlorite ions react with bromide ions to form hypobromite ions, which in turn rapidly oxidize ammonium ions to nitrogen. Hypobromite reacts more rapidly with ammonium than hypochlorite, and is formed in situ (Vogel, 1961). The titration is carried out with in a solution containing bromide and bicarbonate.

Determination of boron in ores of the element such as borax and ulexite.

不溶性の NaK2AlF6 を形成する、発熱反応を生じさせるための ~ pH 3 のフッ化水素アンモニウムの存在下におけるカリウムイオンの化学量論的超過を含むアルミニウムの標準液を用いたサンプルの無濾過の懸濁液の滴定。滴定試薬は、無水硫酸ナトリウムまたは炭酸ナトリウムから調合された溶液に対して標準化されます。このApplication Noteに加え、ナトリウムのTET測定に関するより詳しい情報は、YouTubeの弊社のアプリケーションビデオにてご覧いただけます:https://youtu.be/lnCp9jBxoEs

Determination of sodium in seawater and similar brines. This procedure is suitable for the analysis of sodium in seawater contaminated with sodium aluminate solutions emanating from alumina refineries, and seawater which has been used for the neutralization of alumina refinery waste («red mud») slurries.

Determination of sodium as chloride in ketchups, sauces and, similar food products.

Determination of sodium, potassium, and silica values in sodium and potassium silicates.

この技術資料では、温度滴定法で銅の定量にするチオ硫酸ナトリウムの標定試験の仕方について解説しています。

Determination of calcium and magnesium in process solutions.

This Application Note describes a method for the determination of causticizer, carbonate and aluminum oxide in used Bayer process liquors. The method is based on processes that were developed by Watts-Utley and VanDalen-Ward.

Determination of chloride in oil well drilling fluids.

温度滴定装置を使用すると、油井やガス井で使用される掘削液などの総固形分含有量を数分以内で測定できます。

The determination of the total causticizer, sodium carbonate and aluminum oxide contents in (Bayer) process liquors can be accomplished with high precision and speed by using the 859 Titrotherm in a thermometric acid-base titration. A complete titration takes approximately 5 minutes.The procedure is an automated adaptation of the traditional Watts-Utley method, and is similar to the VanDalen-Ward thermometric titration method, but with the added advantage that the analysis can also be performed for the carbonate content of the liquor.

The presented Application Bulletin describes the apparatus and methods that are used for acid-base analysis of whole blood and blood plasma by Joergensen and Stirum. Evaluation of the measured data is performed with a software sold by Komstar AG.

このBulletinでは、電位差滴定を用いて測定できる数多くの界面活性剤および医薬品の概要をご覧いただけます。Metrohmは滴定の終点を示す5つの異なる界面活性剤電極、すなわちイオン界面活性剤電極、High Sense、Surfactrode Resistant、Surfactrode Refill、NIO界面活性剤電極を提供しています。それぞれの滴定試薬の製造およびそれらの試薬ファクター測定については、詳細に説明されています。 それに加え、このBulletinには、界面活性剤および医薬品分析の分野からの、170を超える数のテスト済みアプリケーションを表形式にした概要が含まれています。このガイドラインは、お客様を確実に目的地までご案内します: どの界面活性剤電極、および、どの滴定試薬がお客様の製品に最も適しているか、この表によって、ひと目でご覧いただけます。

The Bulletin describes the determination of the following parameters in wine: pH value, total titratable acid, free sulfurous acid, total sulfurous acid as well as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and other reductones.

This Bulletin provides an overview of the potentiometric titer determination of current titrants. Many publications only describe methods with color indicators. However, the titration conditions chosen for the titer determination should resemble those used for the actual analysis as closely as possible. The tables contain suitable titrimetric standard substances and electrodes for selected titrants as well as additional information. Following this, an example is given to show what an SOP for a titer determination could look like.

Mixtures of aluminum and magnesium ions can be analyzed automatically using potentiometric titration. The excess DCTA is back-titrated with copper(II) sulfate solution after the addition of 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid (DCTA) and complex formation. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode. First, the aluminum is determined in acidic solution and then the magnesium in alkali solution.

臭素価および臭素指数は、石油製品中の脂肪族 C = C二重結合の測定において重要な品質管理パラメータです。いずれの指標からも、臭素と反応する物質の含有量に関する情報を知ることができます。両指標の違いは、臭素価はサンプル100gあたりの臭素の消費をグラムで、臭素指数は100gあたりの消費量をミリグラムで示すことです。このApplication Bulletinでは、ASTM D1159、ISO 3839、BS2000-130、IP 130、GB/T 11135 および DIN-51774-1に準じた臭素価の測定について説明されています。脂肪族炭化水素のための臭素指数測定は、ASTM D2710、IP 299、GB/T 11136 および DIN 51774-2に準じて説明されています。芳香族炭化水素のためには、臭素指数の測定はASTM D5776 および SH/T 1767に準じて説明されています。UOP 304は、その滴定溶媒に塩化第二水銀が含まれるため、臭素価または臭素指数の測定には推奨されません。

This Bulletin describes three potentiometric, one photometric, one thermometric and one conductometric titration method for sulfate determination. The question of which indication method is the most suitable depends primarily on the sample matrix.Method 1: Precipitation as barium sulfate and back titration of the Ba2+ surplus with EGTA. Use of the ion-selective calcium electrode as indicator electrode.Method 2: As with Method 1, although with the electrode combination tungsten/platinum.Method 3: Precipitation titration in semi-aqueous solution with lead nitrate in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia using the ion-selective lead electrode as indicator electrode.Method 4: Photometric titration with lead nitrate, dithizone indicator and the Optrode 610 nm, particularly suitable for low concentrations (up to 5 mg SO42- in the sample solution).Method 5: Thermometric precipitation titration with Ba2+ in aqueous solution, particularly suitable for fertilizers.Method 6: Conductometric titration with barium acetate in accordance with DIN 53127

Wine sometimes contains heavy metals which can be precipitated out by the addition of potassium ferrocyanide. Generally, these are quantities of iron ranging between 1 and 5 mg, and exceptionally up to 9 mg Fe/L. Zinc, copper, and lead – in descending order of content – may also be present. To estimate the quantity of potassium ferrocyanide necessary for the «décassage of the wine», only very complicated and relatively inaccurate methods have been described until now.This Bulletin permits accurate results to be obtained easily with a simple instrumentation. The results are available in a short time.

The potassium (or ammonium) ion is precipitated with sodium tetraphenyl borate, and the excess of this reagent back-titrated against the thallous(I) ion, using biamperometric endpoint detection. Ammonium can either be titrated together in an acid solution, or driven off by previous boiling in an alkaline solution. Methods are given for determining potassium in the presence of large excesses of sodium, ammonium, calcium, and magnesium.

The quality of a vinegar depends on various factors. Since the contents of the individual components vary widely even from bottle to bottle, it is impossible to give average values. This Bulletin describes the determination of the following parameters in vinegar: pH value, total titratable acid, volatile, and non-volatile acid, free mineral acid as well as free and total sulfurous acid.

Two methods are described for the determination of chromium: a biamperometric titration and a polarographic analysis.

地球の人口の急速な増加は、エネルギーと資源の消費と消費者製品と化学物質の生産の大幅な増加をもたらしました。現在、1700万の化合物が市場に出回っていると推定されており、そのうち10万が大規模な工業規模で生産されています。これらの多くは環境に入ります。これにより、高感度の分析手順と高性能の分析機器が求められています。pH値、導電率、および酸素要件は、水と土壌の分析における重要な特性です。これらの最初の2つは迅速に決定できます。 3つ目は、使用される滴定が多数の単一測定で使用される滴定でもあります。この記事では、水と土壌の分析におけるいくつかの重要な標準準拠の決定について説明します。

Benzbromaron is one of the main uricosuric drugs currently used. In addition to sophisticated and expensive LC-MS and GC-MS methods, benzbromaron can be effectively determined by titration with sodium hydroxide solution using a straightforward, fully automated sample preparation method. A high-frequency homogenizer comminutes one or three tablets within 90 or 120 s respectively. The overall analysis time is 8 minutes. Ten-fold determinations with one and three tablets resulted in a benzbromaron content of 99.2 and 98.7 mg per tablet respectively. Increasing the number of tablets from one to three lowers the RSD from 1.36 to 0.88%. These results show an excellent agreement with the benzbromaron content indicated by the manufacturer (approx. 100 mg/tablet).Besides the presented Titrando/homogenizer combination, the other two members of the 815 Robotic Soliprep Sample Processor family offer comprehensive sample preparation possibilities within the fields of IC, HPLC, ICP or voltammetry.

Several testing methods such as the determination of the acid and the iodine numbers in biodiesel as well as the quantification of sulfate and chloride in bioethanol are described.

The present article addresses the theory, practical aspects and troubleshooting of potentiometry.

白金電極を用いた二クロム酸カリウムによる電位差滴定により、チタンおよび鉄を同時に定量します。測定前に、Ti⁴⁺およびFe³⁺は、Cr²⁺によって還元されます。

アクリル酸は、自発的に二量体化します。そのため、二量体含量の測定は、アクリル酸の品質管理の鍵となります。二量体化のための品質管理パラメータの1つが、酸価です。この技術資料では、非水用電極を使用した電位差自動滴定装置でアクリル酸の酸価を測定しています。

メトホルミンは、ビグアナイド系薬剤に属する、2型糖尿病に最も一般的に用いられる薬の1つです。この技術資料では、無水酢酸を溶媒として、米国薬局方（USP）に従ってメトホルミン塩酸塩の定量を行う方法が紹介されています。

変性燃料エタノールは、製造されたエタノール燃料の酸度に影響を与え得る腐食防止剤および洗浄剤、ならびに製造による汚染などといった添加物を含むことがあります。溶媒中の酸含有量が高まると、保存安定性の短縮または化学的腐食などといった様々な問題が起こりえます。非水用電極を用いて、水酸化ナトリウムを滴定試薬として、酢酸換算で酸度が測定しています。

塩水中の硫酸イオンは、白金電極およびタングステン電極を用いたEGTAによる間接的な電位差滴定により定量します。

Cu-ISE電極を用いたEDTA電位差滴定により、アルカリ性めっき浴中のカドミウム、銅、鉛、亜鉛を定量します。

NIO非界面活性剤電極を用いた四フェニルホウ素ナトリウムによる電位差滴定により、洗濯用洗剤中の非イオン系界面活性剤を定量します。

EDTAなどの錯化剤は、余計な金属イオンを取り除くため、および水の硬度を下げるために、石鹸やその他の洗剤類に使用されます。石鹸や洗剤に含まれるEDTAの量は、滴定試薬として硫酸銅、電極としてCuイオン選択性電極を用いた電位差滴定によって測定することができます。

Zinc, such as that occurring as a constituent of light alloys, can be determined by precipitation titration with potentiometric endpoint indication. The determination of zinc in the presence of cadmium is also possible.2 K4[Fe(CN)6] + 3 ZnCl2 → K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 + 6 KCl

この技術資料では、Fe(II) 溶液を滴定液として使用し、電位差自動滴定装置で金と銅を同時に測定する方法について紹介しています。Fe(II) は Au(III) を直接還元して遊離金属にしますが、Cu(II) は反応しません。フッ化物イオンを加えると、Fe(III) は錯体を形成し、酸化還元電位がシフトします。その後、ヨウ化カリウムを加えて Cu(II) を Cu(I) に還元し、遊離ヨウ素を Pt ティトロード電極を使用して、Fe(II) 溶液で再度滴定します。

この技術資料では、自動滴定装置を使用した硫酸およびクロム酸陽極酸化浴の検査法について解説します。主成分であるアルミニウム、硫酸、クロム酸に加え、塩化物、シュウ酸、硫酸塩も測定します。

このアプリケーションでは、カドミウムめっき浴に含まれる、カドミウム、遊離水酸化ナトリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、および総シアン化物の滴定法について解説します。 遊離シアン化物は、総シアン化物とカドミウム含有量から算出できます。

塩化物の滴定は、酸塩基滴定と共に、最も頻繁に用いられる滴定分析法の一つです。この技術資料では、自動滴定装置を用いて幅広い濃度の塩化物を測定する方法について解説しています。

全酸価 (TAN) の測定は、石油製品の分析において重要な役割を果たします。この 技術資料では、様々なタイプの滴定を使用した石油製品の全酸価の測定について説明しています。電位差測定は ASTM D664、分光光度測定は ASTM D974、そして温度滴定は ASTM D8045 に準じて解説しています。

核発電所の一次冷却系、ニッケルめっき浴、光学ガラス製造、洗剤、肥料などで使用されるホウ酸およびホウ素化合物の電位差滴定装置・温度滴定装置による定量法を紹介します。酸分解を行うことで他のホウ素化合物にも適用できます。

Alkyl glycosides, alkyl maltosides and compounds with polyoxyethylene groups (POE) are numbered among the nonionic surfactants. These surfactants can be analyzed by standard titration with TEGO®trant following derivatization – in this case following sulfonation.

Lead is determined at pH 4 to 5 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as an indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is detected with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 mm.

Determination of aluminum in cement by photometric back-titration of the EDTA excess with zinc sulfate using the 610 nm Spectrode.

Determination of soaps and anionic surfactants in washing powder by potentiometric two-phase titration with TEGO®trant A100 using the «Surfactrode Resistant» electrode.

Determination of the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose by potentiometric titration with Fe(II) using a combined Pt electrode.

Gallium is determined at a pH value of 4.7 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

Nickel analysis can be carried out conveniently in alkali media using photometric titration. Murexide is used as the indicator for visualization of the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Tin with EDTA forms very stable complexes in its divalent and tetravalent forms. Hydroxo complexes form in alkali media, which is also why tin is titrated in an acidic medium (pH 2.1). Xylenol orange is used as the indicator. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Inorganic sulfate is determined in secondary alklysulfonate (raw material) in accordance with DIN EN 14880 with the use of the Pb ISE.

Lead can be analyzed with the Cu ISE. Diammonium tartrate is added to the solution to prevent the precipitation of lead hydroxide in the alkali titration medium.

Thallium in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in a weak acidic solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.

This Application Note describes the iodometric, bivoltametric determination of ascorbic acid in orange juice using the Double Pt-sheet electrode.

This Application Note describes the photometric determination of aluminum in cement using the Optrode (574 nm). Following breakdown of the cement sample, the dissolved aluminum is titrated with EDTA. The excess EDTA is titrated back with zinc sulfate solution.

Determination of calcium pantothenate by nonaqueous potentiometric titration with perchloric acid using separate electrodes.

Determination of calcium in cheese by potentiometric titration with EGTA using the Cu-ISE.

Determination of calcium in aqueous solutions by photometric titration with EDTA using the 610 nm Spectrode.

Determination of cationic surfactants in a household cleaner by potentiometric two-phase titration with sodium dodecylsulfate using the «Surfactrode Resistant» electrode.

Determination of acetate, chloride, and phosphate in an infusion solution by potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide after conversion of the anions to the corresponding acids.

Determination of free alkali in sodium hypochlorite by potentiometric titration with hydrochloric acid using a combined glass electrode.

Determination of tranexamic acid in injection solutions by nonaqueous potentiometric titration with perchloric acid using a glass electrode.

Determination of Na2O and SiO2 in water glass by potentiometric titration with HCl using the Sb electrode.

Determination of perborate, percarbonate, or persulfate in washing powder by iodometric potentiometric titration using the Pt-Titrode.

Determination of cyanide in alkaline plating baths by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate using the Ag-Titrode.

Cadmium can be determined in aqueous solutions using back titration with zinc sulfate. Eriochrome black T is used as the indicator for this procedure. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

This Application Note describes the nonaqueous acid-base titration of ketoconazole in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia. The Solvotrode easyClean was used as the electrode.

Thorium is titrated with EDTA at a pH value of 4.9. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Thallium is titrated in slightly acidic medium as Tl(III). Xylenol orange is used as the indicator to determine the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Palladium is determined at a pH value of 4 to 5 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

Manganese is determined as Mn(II) in aqueous solutions at pH 10 with Eriochrome Black T as indicator. Ascorbic acid is added to ensure that manganese is present in its bivalent form. The precipitation of water-insoluble manganese hydroxide is prevented by adding triethanolamine (TEA). The Optrode is used for detection at a wavelength of 610 nm.

Barium acetate is used as titrant for conductometric sulfate determination. It can be standardized with desiccated sodium sulfate.

In accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia, sodium sulfate is determined with the PB ISE.