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炭素材料は電極表面として注目すべき選択肢である。コスト効率が高く、化学的に不活性であるだけでなく、バックグラウンド電流が低く、電位窓が広い。新しいカーボン・ナノ材料の物理的・化学的特性は、主にその構造に依存するため、さまざまな用途に適した材料を選択するためには、その特性評価が不可欠である。 ラマン分光法はこの目的にとって非常に魅力的な技術であり、炭素材料の結合構造に関する情報、したがってそれらの考えられる特性に関する情報を簡単に識別できます。 DropSensスクリーンプリント電極（SPE）は、低コストで使い捨ての電極であり、いくつかのカーボン材料で製造された作用電極とともに利用できます。この技術資料では、ラマン分光法によってその特性を調べる方法について説明します。

表面増強ラマン分光法 (SERS) 用の電極基板は通常、貴金属の複雑な (マイクロ/ナノ) 構造で製造され、微量レベルの分析物の検出を可能にします。 これらの SERS 電極基板はコストが高く反応性が高いため、多くの場合、使用期限が限られています。 これらの問題を最小限に抑えながらも同じ性能基準を維持する新しい電極基板材料の開発は、常に懸念されています。 スクリーン印刷された電極は、確立されたスクリーンプリント法を使用して様々な金属材料を用いて簡単に製造できるため、多用途でコスト効率の高い使い捨て電極の大量生産につながります。 この技術資料では、in situ* 電気化学 SERS (EC-SERS) による様々な化学種の高速かつ高感度な検出に適した電極基板として、すぐに入手できるスクリーンプリントされた金属電極を使用する実現可能性を示しています。 *in situ：その場

スペクトロエレクトロケミストリーでは、1回の実験で化学系に関する電気化学的情報と分光学的情報の両方の情報が得られます。すなわち2つの異なる視点からの情報が得られるマルチレスポンス技術です。UV-VIS領域に焦点を当てた分光電気化学は、最も重要な組み合わせの一つとなりますが、これは貴重な定性的情報を得ることができるだけでなく、優れた定量的結果も得ることができるからです。この技術資料では、既知の汚染物質である4-ニトロフェノールについて、SPELEC分光電気化学測定装置を用いて分解速度を測定しました。

Spectroelectrochemistry is a multi-response technique that provides electrochemical and spectroscopic information about a chemical system in a single experiment, i.e., it offers information from two different points of view. Raman spectroelectrochemistry could be considered as one of the best techniques for both the characterization and behavioral understanding of carbon nanotube films, as it has traditionally been used to obtain information about their oxidation-reduction processes as well as the vibrational structure. This application note describes how the SPELEC RAMAN is used to characterize single-walled carbon nanotubes by studying their electrochemical doping in aqueous solution as well as to evaluate their defect density.

多くの電気化学的手法が開発されてきたものの、その適用は従来、水系媒体に限定されてきた。これに対し、有機溶媒中でのラマン分光電気化学法は有望な代替手段であるが、新たなEC-SERS手法の開発は依然として求められている。本アプリケーションノートでは、金および銀電極の電気化学的活性化により、有機媒体中における色素や農薬の検出が可能となることを示す。

強力な合成オピオイドであるフェンタニルは、世界中で違法に流通しています。過剰摂取は致命的となる可能性があり、昏睡、瞳孔変化、チアノーゼ、呼吸不全などの症状を引き起こします。体格や過去の使用状況などによっては、わずか2mgのフェンタニルでも致死的となる可能性があります。フェンタニルは深刻な影響を及ぼすため、深刻な公衆衛生上の危機となっており、その特定と検出は極めて重要です。電気化学表面増強ラマン分光法（EC-SERS）とスクリーン印刷電極（SPE）を組み合わせることで、フェンタニルを迅速かつ効果的かつ正確に検出することが可能になります。

ラマン分光法は感度が低いことから、これまで検出手法としての利用が制限されてきました。しかし、表面増強ラマン散乱（SERS）効果により、その分析応用における有効性は向上しています。本アプリケーションノートでは、概念実証として、アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ（ALDH）およびシトクロムcをラマン分光電気化学法によって解析しています。

このアプリケーション ノートでは、単層カーボンナノチューブ (SWCNT) の測定におけるパフォーマンスを分析して、SPELEC RAMAN と標準のラマン装置を比較します。

本アプリケーションでは、強い背景蛍光を伴うスペクトルからラマン信号を抽出することにより、着色ポリマーを識別するためのメトロームのXTR®技術の有効性をご紹介します。

このアプリケーションノートではハンドヘルドラマン分析計（ラマン分光計）を用いて、D- ガラクトース、D- グルコース、D- マルトース、D- マンノース、D- ソルビトール、フラクトース、スクロース、イノシトールを明確に判別可能なライブラリーを構築し、迅速に非破壊で判別分析可能である事例を紹介します。測定にはMira を用いて、サンプル前処理不要で明確に迅速な糖類の判別分析が可能であることが示されました。

携帯型ラマン分光計を用いた有機溶媒の迅速かつ非破壊的な同定方法について説明しています。携帯型ラマン分光計「MIRA M-1」による測定は試料の前処理を必要とせず、即時かつ明確な結果を提供します。

道路建設に使用される固体材料を携帯型ラマン分光計で分析しました。分析対象は、CaCO3、TiO2、DEGALAN®などの従来型の顔料および樹脂です。測定されたスペクトルはそれぞれ大きく異なっていました。化学構造間の主な違いを評価するために、スペクトルのピークをそれらを生成した官能基に割り当てました。

本アプリケーションノートでは、Mira M-1 などのハンドヘルドラマンスペクトロメーターが、炭酸塩、リン酸塩、硫酸塩などの無機塩類の識別および区別に適していることを示しております。本研究では、塩のラマン分光による識別における陽イオン成分および結晶水の影響評価に重点を説明します。

本アプリケーションノートでは、適切なライブラリ作成後にラマン分光法を用いて、異なる2社のイソプロピルアルコールを迅速かつ非破壊的に識別する方法を示しております。ハンドヘルドラマンスペクトロメーターMira M-1による測定は、試料の前処理を必要とせず、即時に明確な識別結果を提供いたします。

ハンドヘルドラマン分光法は、ポリマーマスターバッチの迅速な分析を可能にし、Metrohm社のXTR®アルゴリズムにより蛍光干渉が低減され、添加剤の正確な識別が実現いたします。

マン分光法は、モノマーの消費およびポリマーの生成を追跡することにより、重合反応を容易にモニタリングすることができます。この特性により、本手法はポリマー製造において有用なツールとして活用されています。

機能性食品（ニュートラシューティカルズ）および化粧品の製品品質を確保するためには、成分の同定および純度の判定が不可欠です。これにより、劣悪な物質の使用を防止し、高額な遅延や規格外製品の発生を回避することができます。本アプリケーションノートでは、メトロームの携帯型ラマン分光計 MIRA Pを用いた機能性食品および化粧品中の脂肪酸の同定および検査について説明します。

医薬品、化粧品、その他日用品のジェネリック品はブランド品と比べるとかなり低価格になっているものが多い。通常、安いジェネリック品は研究開発が不要であったり、広告コストがかなり抑えられているからで、これはとりわけ一般医薬品の場合にはその品質に反映されてはならない。例えば、発泡性錠剤のかぜ薬Equate（Walmartブランド）はかぜ薬として広く認知されているAlka-Seltzer（Bayerブランド）と同じ主薬成分を同じ割合で含んでいるが、価格はかなり安く売られている。このアプリケーションノートではラマン分光法がこれらの競合する一般市販かぜ薬が同一でないことを確認することが可能で、代表するサンプル群とp値を用いて比較することの有効性を報告する。

Raman spectrometers use tightly focused beams to produce high resolution spectra, but fail at analyzing heterogeneous substances because they cannot spatially target all components. ORSTM (Orbital Raster Scan) increases the interrogation area on a sample while maintaining high spectral resolution. Effervescent cold medicines, for example, contain many active ingredients in each heterogeneous tablet. Traditional identification and verification techniques require the collection of several spectra at different points on the tablet. Mira spectrometers equipped with ORS capture a large interrogation area in a very short time, analyzing all of the ingredients in a single scan.

歴史的な女性への報復方法、酸の投てきは、異なる性質を持つ現代の脅威となりました。濃縮された酸とその他の腐食性物質は、社会的暴力の現代的ツールとして現れました。攻撃者は、レモンジューススクイズボトルのような、強力に方向噴射する開口部を持つ、一般的なプラスチック容器を用います。その高い腐食性のため、ここでは分析に硫酸やリン酸が選ばれます- ロンドンでのアシッドアタックには硫酸、リン酸、そして硝酸が最も多く用いられます。2017年、イギリスでは著しい数のアシッドアタックが起こり、平均して1日に2度の事件が報告されました。酸の検出および規制は、この社会的害毒の防止に貢献できるかもしれません。

危険な状況において、現場での未知試料の同定は重要なカギになり得ます。迅速に、しかし慎重に、その対象物質についてできる限り多くの情報を得ることが不可欠です。未知の試料を扱うときには安全が最優先されます。その物質の有毒性、レーザー光線による発火性、環境への危険性等に配慮する必要があります。専門家からの情報を迅速に得られればいいですが、通常現場にはそのような専門家はいません。 このアプリケーションノートでは、容器の危険な内容物を同定するための Mira DS と iUA の使用について、ガイド付きワークフロー、コンテンツ ID のスペクトルおよび同定結果の例を含めて説明します。iUAとMira DSを使用すれば、サンプルに触れることなく、数秒で安全な結果が得られます。

Rhodamine B is a dye utilized extensively in biotechnology and industrial applications and is one of several colorants banned for use as food additives in Europe and North America. The most common analytical methods for detection of illicit dyes in food products, GC/MS and HPLC, are laboratory-based instrumental methods that require specialized training.With Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), detection of trace amounts of Rhodamine B in ground cayenne pepper is quick and easy after a facile extraction procedure with minimal material consumption. Rhodamine B can be detected in cayenne powder at a concentrations as low as 10 µg/g.

In 2008, a scandal was discovered in China that melamine was being deliberately added to raw milk. Thousands of young children and infants that consumed formula produced from melamine-tainted milk experienced kidney damage and death. As a result, both daily intake limits and increased monitoring of melamine in dairy products were established globally.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) provides quick, easy, and robust detection of melamine in a complex food matrix. As a direct test with no additional reagents, Misa’s assay format requires minimal user training, in contrast to standard analytical tests for detecting melamine, including capillary electrophoresis, GC-MS, LC-MS, and immune-based assays.

Potassium ferrocyanide (KFC) is an anti-caking compound added to table salt. Although this is a common non-toxic food additive, its spectroscopic response is representative of analogous cyanide compounds. Trace detection of other cyanides in food products is essential to the safety of consumers, as they can be toxic at oral consumption levels as low as 20 μg/g.This application demonstrates rapid trace analysis of potassium ferrocyanide in table salt with Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), in a simple assay format with minimal use of laboratory reagents.

Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a broad-spectrum pesticide used both as a fungicide in fruits and vegetables and for controlling parasites in animal feed. To ensure consumer safety, regulatory agencies establish maximum residue levels (MRL) for pesticide-treated crops based on their review of risk assessment studies. For bananas, which are either aerially sprayed or dipped in protectant solutions of TBZ, the US FDA reports a MRL of 3 μg/g, and the EU stipulates a MRL of 6 μg/g by weight.With Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), the rapid and sensitive detection of TBZ on bananas is demonstrated in formats easily adapted for food safety surveillance testing.

Malachite green (MG) is a textile dye with effective fungicidal properties, however it is acutely toxic and its metabolites persist in the flesh of fish and mammals, making it a threat to the human food chain. The EU has concluded that contaminated foods containing levels higher than 2 μg/g MG constitute a credible health risk, and several countries have banned malachite green as an aquaculture additive. Despite tight regulation, seafood products contaminated with MG continue to find their way to consumers.Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) to ensure food safety, the rapid and highly sensitive detection of malachite green is achieved in a facile assay format.

Metanil yellow (MY) is an azo dye used in the manufacture of external-use products such as textiles; however, it is prohibited from use as a food additive in many countries. Toxicology studies demonstrate that ingestion of MY results in significant neurological and multi-organ damage. Despite these hazards, MY is commonly used as an illicit colorant for enhancing the visual appeal of spices and legumes, most notably turmeric. Ideal tests for such food adulterants feature methods that are selective and sensitive, yet portable and convenient.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) achieves rapid and accurate detection of MY in a facile assay format.

Auramine O (AO) is an industrial dye used for a broad range of manufactured products and as a fluorescent stain for detecting acid-fast bacteria in clinical specimens. Due to its intense yellow coloration, AO is also prized as an additive for enhancing the visual appeal of illicitly processed food products. Despite bans on AO as a food additive, surveillance testing indicates its persistent use as an adulterant in foods and spices.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) achieves the rapid and sensitive detection of AO in curry powder in a simple assay format.

Erythrosine B (EB), also known as Red Dye #3, is a synthetic dye approved for use in candy in the US, and in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics in the EU and elsewhere. However, rodent studies suggest that ingestion of EB can promote thyroid tumor formation. EB may also be implicated as a dietary factor contributing to hyperkinesis in children. WHO recommends a daily intake of EB less than 0.1 mg/kg of body weight.The ability to obtain fast results with a portable test platform recommends Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) as a competitive and cost-effective alternative to laboratory technologies (e.g., CE, HPLC) currently employed for detecting EB in foodstuffs.

Carbendazim (MBC) is a common fungicide approved for regulated use in agriculture globally, outside of the EU. Most MBC is found on fruits as surface contamination, the result of sprays applied prior to harvest. The US EPA has determined that a concentrations below 80 μg/mL in orange juice are not a health risk, while the EU restricts MBC levels to 10 ng/g (from imported produce) in foods intended for baby food production.This Application Note describes a very simple test for surface MBC and provides library spectra demonstrating the sensitive detection of MBC with Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer).

Some studies suggest that consumption of the artificial sweetener, aspartame, is correlated with increased risk for brain and hematopoietic cancers, however, others find it to be a safe food additive. Consequently, the US and EU approve aspartame as a multi-purpose sweetener with an acceptable daily intake of 40 mg/kg body weight/day. However, the clear health hazard to individuals suffering from phenlyketonuria and ongoing criticism by health food advocates continues to fuel the challenge against aspartame’s widespread use in the food industry.Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), beverage products are screened for aspartame levels with no sample preparation beyond simple dilution of a consumer product.

Pyrimethanil is a broad-spectrum fungicide. As grapevines are susceptible to fungal pathogens, large-scale viticulture operations apply pyrimethanil as part of a mixed treatment. Although chemical analysis of wines post-fermentation finds low to undetectable amounts of residue, pyrimethanil is a suspected human carcinogen. The US FDA and EU have therefore established a maximum permissible level of 5 μg/mL pyrimethanil in finished wine products.In this application, trace detection of pyrimethanil in wine with Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) requires few laboratory supplies and minimal sample processing, yet returns rapid results.

Paraquat is a highly effective, yet exceptionally toxic herbicide used to manage weeds in agricultural operations. In recognition of paraquat’s danger, the EU and several other countries have banned its use for any application, though the US EPA permits its limited use by licensed applicators. Despite tight regulation, paraquat continues to be produced and is liberally used as an herbicide in over 100 countries without regulatory oversight.Testing for paraquat typically requires involved sample processing and analysis by trained chemists using expensive laboratory instruments such as HPLC, CE, and LC/MS. Misa achieves trace level detection of paraquat residue in tea leaves in a fully integrated, portable, smart system for easy on-site testing by non-technicians.

Diphenylamine (DPA) is used as a dye fixative and antioxidant in industrial applications and as a produce preservative in agricultural operations. Food safety advocates are concerned that daily ingestion of DPA, particularly in foods meant for babies, could have negative effects on children’s health. To mitigate potentially toxic effects of DPA, both the US and EU stipulate a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 5 μg/g for whole pears and a stringent MRL of 10 ng/g for all processed baby foods.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) provides a user-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional analytical methods used for detecting DPA in foods, such as GC-MS and GC-NPD.

Thiram is used extensively as a fungicide and parasiticide to prevent disease in crops and as an animal repellent to protect trees and ornamental plants. However, extensive toxicological studies conclude that chronic, high-level exposure can cause considerable organ damage to land and aquatic species. The US defines maximum residue limits that vary for different food crops. In contrast, the EU recently banned thiram and is moving to use pesticides that carry reduced health risks.Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), low level detection of thiram on apples is achieved with guided workflows adapted for use by diverse testers.

Brilliant Blue (BB) FCF, more commonly known as FD&C Blue #1, is the most commonly used blue dye worldwide for food and beverages. It is generally accepted as safe and non-toxic. Aside from foods labelled as organic or as free from artificial dyes, there is little objection to the use of BB at levels at or exceeding 100 μg/g in foods.This application for Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) is unique. The benefit is twofold — successful detection of a fluorescent dye, and a unique sample cleanup technique that permits detection of a target that does not exhibit a strong SERS signal and is present in a complex matrix. While Misa successfully detects BB in direct sampling, this application describes a simple extraction method that improves detectability of BB with Misa.

Malathion is an insecticide widely used on a broad spectrum of plant species. Several studies have implicated chronic exposure to malathion in the development of certain cancers. Maximum residue limits for malathion have been enacted by the regulatory agencies of several countries: the US Food and Drug Administration sets maximum residue limits at 8 μg/g in foods, while the EU has a considerably more stringent limit of 20 ng/g.SERS is an accepted method for detection of malathion on fruit and vegetable surfaces. Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), which requires minimal laboratory chemicals and consumables and provides an extremely user-friendly interface, is an excellent SERS solution for trace detection of food adulterants.

Fenthion is a multi-purpose insecticide used in many countries for mosquito control. To minimize human exposure and the unintentional poisoning of wildlife, the US EPA has classified fenthion as a restricted-use insecticide. However, the widespread spraying of olive orchards in Mediterranean countries results in olive oils that occasionally exceed the maximum residue limits established for olives.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) easily achieves sensitive trace detection of fenthion in spiked olive oil after a simple organic solvent extraction. This Application Note presents an excellent example of how the signal from SERS substrates can compete with the target signal at very low levels of detection.

Material verification models with complex algorithms such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), quasi-infinite parameters, and preprocessing options can be incredibly complex. Each model must be rigorously built, evaluated, and validated before it can be put into routine use. Mira P simplifies material verification for all. With a short, defined user workflow, straightforward results, and a foolproof Operating Procedure-based design, Mira P is already one of the simplest RMID tools available. ModelExpert, in Mira Cal P, does a chemometrician’s work. ModelExpert automatically determines the best model parameters for robust method development. With Mira P and ModelExpert, even non-technical users can achieve better results in a fraction of the time.

Handheld Raman spectrometers are valued for their ability to provide onsite material identification in seconds. In the case of combination pharmaceuticals, a single tablet contains more than one active ingredient in different proportions. MIRA DS is uniquely capable of identifying multiple compounds in such tablets by using Raman to identify the major component and SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) for the minor component. This application describes quick, dual analysis of a prescription medication containing acetaminophen and hydrocodone. The application is easily extrapolated to the study of street drugs.

Yaba, produced in Southeast Asia, is a popular drug of abuse and is actively targeted by police squads. Two strong and highly addictive stimulants make up Yaba: caffeine, which comprises up to 60% of each tablet, and methamphetamine at approximately 20%. Identifying these two active ingredients in different proportions in a colorful tablet with other excipients could be an analytical nightmare. With handheld Raman, bulk material identification is achieved in seconds onsite with simple point-and-shoot analysis. SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) analysis is used to detect the minor component in mixtures without interference from fillers, dyes, and coatings. MIRA DS is uniquely capable of both analyses—Raman testing positively identifies caffeine in Yaba, while methamphetamine can be detected with SERS sampling. This application describes quick, dual analysis of Yaba tablets with MIRA DS.

ラマン分光システムは、サンプルが均質であれば、小さなレーザースポットと同程度のアパーチャーで高分解能のスペクトルを収集することができます。しかし、実際はもっと複雑です。混合サンプル中の全成分を同定するためには、より広い面積での測定が必要となります。そのためには、レーザーのスポットサイズを大きくして、より広い範囲をカバーすることが求められます。しかしながら、分解能を上げるにはアパーチャーを小さくする必要があり、ラマン光を集めにくくなるため、感度が低下してしまいます。解決策として小さなアパーチャーを用いて、集光したレーザーを試料上で素早く移動(ラスター)させ、試料の広い範囲から情報を収集する手法があります。 メトロームラマン社が開発したオービタル水平走査テクノロジー(ORSTM)は、このような原理を応用して開発されたものです。 ORSは、低解像度、低感度、サンプルの劣化といった問題を解決し、サンプルの広い面積を測定するメトロームラマン社独自の技術です。本記事では詳しくさまざまな用途を紹介します。

ヘロイン、MDMA、LSD、フェンタニルの濃縮溶液で文房具に細工をすれば、薬物がしみ込んだ手紙を簡単に受刑者に渡すことができます。海外では、刑務所の郵便物に含まれる麻薬に対策するために、何百万ドルもシステムの再構築に費やされていて問題になっています。郵便物全てをデジタル化することは一つの解決策ではあるものの、時間と人手がかかり、有害な郵便物がデジタイザーを汚染し、また受刑者の権利を侵害する可能性があります。これは単純に郵便物のデジタル化というだけでも複雑な問題ですが、フェンタニルによってさらに複雑になります。フェンタニルが混入した郵便物を取り扱う人は、微量のフェンタニルに触れただけで中毒症状を起こす可能性があり、フェンタニルの過剰摂取による死亡は刑務所内で問題になっています。このアプリケーションでは、ラマン分光計を使用して手紙に浸み込ませたフェンタニルの迅速検出します。

リゼルグ酸ジエチルアミド（LSD）は、一般に「アシッド」と呼ばれ、多幸感をもたらし、感覚を変化させる作用があるとして、スケジュール 1 の規制薬物となっています。脆弱な LSD 使用者において、幻聴・幻視や精神病などの長期にわたる精神病理的な影響が記録されています。LSD は通常、舌下および経口投与用にカラフルな吸収性のある「ブロッター」紙に斑点がつけられています。LSD を簡便に検出するためには、色素、基質、溶媒などの妨害物質が存在しても、最小限のサンプル処理で目的化合物を微量検出できる柔軟なシステムが必要となります。本 Application Note では、SERS（表面増強ラマン散乱）材料と、LSD を添加したインク印刷およびカラー染色紙マトリックスからなるテストサンプルを用いた実際のテストシミュレーションについて説明します。ターゲット化合物を持ち上げ、LSD の識別を妨げる蛍光を発する充填物、インク、染料を除去する簡単な抽出方法に光を当てて紹介しています。

In this Application Note, MISA (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) from Metrohm Raman excels in the detection of the pesticide acetamiprid on commercially sold raisins. MISA is a viable alternative to analytical laboratory testing in the quest to prevent contaminated foods from reaching and harming consumers.

このアプリケーションノートでは1064nmのレーザーを搭載したi-Raman EXと主成分分析（PCA）を用いて、異なるビールメーカーのビールを識別、また混合ビールかどうかを識別する能力を実証しています。

電気化学ラマン（EC-Raman）分光法は、物理化学的な変化を追跡することにより、エネルギー貯蔵装置の理解を向上させます。この技術資料では、ニッケル水素（NiMH）バッテリーの充電および放電シミュレーション中のEC-ラマンの測定結果を解説しています。

This Application Note explains how to scale MIRA P usage across an entire manufacturing operation by transferring models between different MIRA P instruments.

This application shows how to seamlessly transition from Metrohm’s NanoRam 785 to the newer MIRA P system, ensuring continuity in raw material identification (RMID).

ラマン分光法は細菌同定や培養によって生成される代謝物の検出に有望なツールとなりえ、生物プロセスや生態系における機能への深い洞察を可能にします。

Metrohm’s MIRA XTR handheld Raman spectrometer enables fast, reagent-free identification of phosphate species, enabling continuous monitoring of dynamic systems.

Raman spectroscopy with PLS modeling enables rapid, accurate, nondestructive quantification of the total phosphate content in solution with minimal sample preparation.

燃料油中の微量のメルカプタンは、一般に標準的なラマン分光法の検出限界（LOD）以下です。この検出限界を克服するために、表面増強ラマン散乱（SERS）を用いることにより、ラマンシグナルを著しく増強することができ、極微量レベルでのメルカプタンの検出と定量化を可能にします。

Undeclared drugs in dietary supplements pose serious health risks. Metrohm’s SERS solutions enable fast, sensitive, on-site detection of adulterants without matrix interference

Raman spectroscopy is suitable for rapid, nondestructive measurements of chocolate quality indicators (e.g., cocoa and sugar content) in various chocolate types.

電位差滴定と比較して、ラマン分光法はエポキシ硬化剤のアミン価（AV）を推定するための、迅速で正確かつ信頼性の高い二次的手法です。

ラマン分光法は、溶液中のリン酸種と硫酸種を検出し、リン酸肥料の生産を最適化し、製品品質を向上させるための高速な代替方法です。

低波数ラマン分光法は、65 cm⁻¹までの振動モードを捉えることで従来のラマン分析を拡張し、分子構造、タンパク質の特性評価、多形の同定、相転移に関するより深い知見を可能にします。

Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited to rapidly screen for methanol contamination in spirits.

Determination of the anions in potable water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in cooling water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of hypophosphite, formate, phosphate, adipate, p-nitrobenzoate, and sebacate in ethylene glycol using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

電気伝導度検出器付きイオンクロマトグによる地表水中のフッ化物、塩化物、亜硝酸塩、臭化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩の測定アプリケーションです。

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in soil eluates using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate and tetrafluoroborate in 2% HF using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chlorite and chlorate in tap water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, and sulfate in synthetic seawater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, sulfate, oxalate, and fumarate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, sulfite, and sulfate in a surfactant solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate and sulfate in a cleaning solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, and nitrate in a solution of NiSO4, ZnSO4 in sulfuric acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, phosphate, and sulfate in an ashed baking additive using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Separation of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, phosphite, sulfate, and tetrafluoroborate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of 1 (3) µg/L of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate after direct injection using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in an etching reagent using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in ultrapure water after sample preconcentration using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in surface water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression; nitrite with electrochemical detection (conductivity and ELCD detectors in series).

Determination of sulfate in wastewater after nitric acid combustion using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of NTA, EDTA, and DTPA in surface water and wastewater using ion pair chromatography with UV-detection after post-column reaction with the MSM.

Determination of bromide, nitrate, and phosphate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of bromide and phosphate in waste dump drainage water in the presence of very high concentrations of other ions and organic substances using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in cutting oil emulsion using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of sulfate in diesel engine coolant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of bromide and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of traces of chloride in a technical product using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in methanol using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, sulfate, chromate, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), methanedisulfonic acid (MDSA), and ethanedisulfonic acid (EDSA) in a chromium plating bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in rainwater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in boric acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Reproducibility of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in the ppb range using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, and iodide in rock leachant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, phosphate, and succinate in an infusion solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, sulfate, maleate, oxalate, and fumarate in ink using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide, and sulfate in bath salts (sea salt) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphate and phosphite in poly(phosphonic acid) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of glycolate, acetate, and chloride in monochloroacetic acid (MCA) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride and sulfate in dust using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.Sample:dust sampleSample preparation:0.1 g of dust dissolved in 100 mL c(HNO3) = 0.02 mol/L 0.45 µm filtration

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in boric acid with sample preconcentration using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of traces of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in 15% NaOH using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample neutralization.

Determination of chloride, bromide, and sulfate in photographic process wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide and thiosulfate in photographic process wastewater using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode after chemical suppression.

Determination of chlorite and nitrite using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, propionate, formate, and chloride in water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, and sulfate in seawater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, chlorate, and sulfate in soda lye (NaOH 50%) after inline neutralization using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, and monofluorophosphate in glutamine monofluorophosphate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfite, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide in common salt using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the silver electrode.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in corrosion powder using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in aluminum oxide using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, phosphate, phosphite, and sulfate in a dye solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of bromide in NaCl crystals using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulfate, and iodide in mineral extracts using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, monochloroacetate, and dichloroacetate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate and dichloroacetate in chloroacetic acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a protein formulation using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of gluconate, fluoride, formate, chloride, nitrate, and salicylate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and chromate in a cataphoretic paint bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfite in ginger powder using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of bromide and sulfate in brine (300 g/L NaCl) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, and thiosulfate in colored liquors using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride and sulfate in potassium tetraborate (KB4O7 * 4 H2O) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, sulfate, iodide, and molybdate in mineral tablets using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in water for infusion solution production using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrate and sulfate in sodium phosphinate (sodium hypophosphite) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of traces of chlorite and bromate in Herisau tap water with direct injection using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, bromide, and sulfate in process wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in an electroplating bath after inline elimination of heavy metals by cation exchange on the 793 IC Sample Prep Module using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in Schoeniger absorption solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of citrate, malate, succinate, lactate, and acetate using ion-exclusion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfate in methansulfonic acid (70%) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of borate and chloride with direct conductivity detection (exhausted MSM). After the introduction of the fresh MSM unit and after the eluent change, sulfate is analyzed with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in sodium thiocyanate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of formate, acetate, chloride, benzoate, and oxalate in phenolic extracts using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, sulfate, and citrate in a pharmaceutical product using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, phosphate, monofluorophosphate, and sulfate in toothpaste using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, glycolate, monochloroacetate, and chloride in a surfactant solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, glycolate, chloride, and oxalate in a latex dispersion using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a meat extract (Na2B4O7) after Carrez clearing using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chlorite, chloride, sulfite, and oxalate in beer using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of NTA, HEDP, and ATMP using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in 20% NaOH after inline neutralization by cation exchange on the 793 IC Sample Prep Module using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate in human urine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of chlorate, nitrate, and perchlorate in firecracker powder using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of total phosphate in wastewater after digestion with peroxodisulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, and sulfate in PVC film using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of lactate, acetate, chloride, methylsulfate, bromide, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite, nitrate, sulfite, and sulfate in wastewater containing high levels of chloride using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and after inline chloride removal.

Determination of bromide, sulfate, and iodide in 1 g/L sodium chloride using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, and sulfate in river water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of adipic acid and phthalic acid in an alkaline ester digestion solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride in adipic acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of pyro-, trimeta-, and tripolyphosphate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfite, oxalate, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high-pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and citrate in beverages using anion chromatography with a high-pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of silicate, sulfate, and phosphate in a clay extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection before and after chemical suppression. Using a step gradient and switching valve to work with or without chemical suppression.

Determination of α-glycerophosphate and β-glycerophosphate in amino acids using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, phosphate, oxalate, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate (heat stable salts) in scrubber solutions using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride and sulfate in hypophosphoric acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride and sulfate in succinic acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, cyanate, azide, nitrate, chlorate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, and perchlorate in an extract of explosives using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, trimetaphosphate, and tripolyphosphate in tetrasodium pyrophosphate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, trimeta-, and pyrophosphate in tripolyphosphate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of o-phosphate, pyrophosphate, and trimetaphosphate in sodium tripolyphosphate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and chemical suppression.

電気伝導度検出器とケミカルサプレッサを備えた陰イオンクロマトグラフィーを用いて、酸性洗浄溶液中の臭素酢酸イオン、メタンスルホン酸イオン、塩化物イオン、リン酸イオン、硫酸イオンを定量します。

Determination of 2-fluorobenzoate in a water deposit from the oil production industry using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride in concentrated nitric acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, thiosulfate, iodide, and citrate in a standard solution using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, oxalate, and thiosulfate in a process water of the paper industry using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in cooling lubricants using anion chromatography with conductivity and UV detection (230 nm) after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of traces of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in a boiler feed water containing 10 mg/L ammonia using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by cation exchange.

Determination of traces of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, and sulfate in an ion exchanger eluate containing 2 g/L nitrate using anion chromatography with a step gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of arsenite, arsenate, selenite, selenate, chloride, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a combination of suppressed and non-suppressed conductivity detection.

Determination of hexafluorophosphate in an ionic liquid BMIHFP (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, >97%) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of the method detection limit (MDL) and method quantification limit (MQL) of bromate in drinking water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide in milk powder using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of acetate, chloride, and sulfate in mayonnaise using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of lactate, formate, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate in orange juice using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of hypophosphite, phosphite, tartrate, tungstate, phosphate, citrate, and pyrophosphate in an electroplating bath using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of bromate in mineral water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of citrate, dipolyphosphate, and tripolyphosphate in a food additive using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of phosphite in the presence of chloride, nitrate, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in a potato extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in a plant extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of iodide in a table salt using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in betaine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in inositol using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, sulfite, sulfate, oxalate, and thiosulfate in lignin using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, and trifluoroacetate (TFA) in a peptide sample using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfate, phosphate, citrate, pyrophosphate, trimetaphosphate, and tripolyphosphate in a washing powder using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of traces of chloride in a quaternary ammonium hydroxide using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline cation exchange to remove the matrix cations.

Determination of bromide, sulfite, sulfate, and thiosulfate in a photographic developer solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in mayonnaise using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and advanced dialysis for inline sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, and sulfate in an absorption solution containing H2O2 using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.