- AB-344Automated analysis of etch acid mixtures for silicon substrates with thermometric titration
This bulletin deals with the automated determination of mixtures of HNO3, HF and H2SiF6 in the range of approximately 200-600 g/L HNO3, 50-160 g/L HF, and 0-185 g/L H2SiF6 using thermometric titration.Etch acid mixtures containing HNO3, HF and H2SiF6 from the etching of silicon substrates can be analyzed in a sequence of two determinations using the 859 Titrotherm. The first determination involves a direct titration with standard c(NaOH) = 2 mol/L, followed by a back titration with c(HCl) = 2 mol/L. This determination yields the H2SiF6 content plus a value for the combined (HNO3+HF) contents. The second determination consists of a titration with c(Al3+) = 0.5 mol/L to determine the HF content. For freshly made up mixtures of HNO3 and HF containing no H2SiF6, a linked two-titration sequence is employed. Results from the two determinations are used by tiamoTM to yield individual results for HNO3, HF and H2SiF6.
- AN-T-135Chloride in cheese – Automation reduces sample preparation and increases throughput
The WHO recommends a maximum daily intake of 5 g salt for an adult. The chloride content in food correlates with the salt content, its determination is therefore described by various standards. In cheese and cheese products with a chloride content higher than 0.2%, chloride is usually determined by a precipitation titration with silver nitrate. However, time-consuming sample preparation is required, as the cheese has to be homogenized and the chloride extracted with hot water.This Application Note describes the fully automatic determination of chloride in cheese according to EN ISO 5943, ISO 21422, IDF 242 and IDF 88 including sample preparation with a Polytron homogenizer. This increases productivity due to a higher sample throughput and lower work load for the operator.
- AN-T-119Fully automated determination of chloride (NaCl) in bouillon
This Application Note describes an automated system with which the chloride content in bouillon can be determined. The high degree of automation (e.g., automatic addition of acid and titer determination) reduces errors to a minimum and ensures outstanding reproducibility.
- AN-T-101Fully automated determination of chloride in tap water
This Application Note describes an automated system with which the chloride content in various water samples can be determined. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated addition of acid and titer determination) reduces errors to a minimum and ensures outstanding reproducibility.
- AN-T-099Fully automated determination of acidity in orange juice
The present Application Note describes an automated system with which the acidity can be determined in a wide variety of juice samples. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated calibration and titer determination) reduces errors to a minimum and offers outstanding reproducibility.
- AN-T-094Fully automated determination of the permanganate index according to EN ISO 8467
The automated system MATi 13 determines the permanganate index in all kind of water samples according to EN ISO 8467. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated sample addition, automated titer and blank value determination) minimizes errors and guarantees robust and reproducible results.
- AN-T-073Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH value, and alkalinity in tap water including sample preparation
The automated system Basic water analysis determines conductivity, pH value, and alkalinity in all kind of water samples. The high degree of automation (e.g., automated sample addition, automated calibration as well as automated titer and cell constant determination) minimizes errors and guarantees an outstanding reproducibility.
- WP-027Smart Acquire – Automated Raman Material ID for Defense and Security Professionals
An analytic chemist in your back pocket. A forensic laboratory in a suitcase. A HazMat team in the trunk of your car. First responders need all the help they can get when faced with potentially dangerous substances. Mira DS from Metrohm Raman is a sophisticated chemical analyzer that replaces the specialist with automation. The push of a button initiates proprietary Smart Acquire routines to optimize acquisition parameters and collect the highest quality spectra. These spectra are automatically subjected to library search and Mixture Matching routines capable of identifying up to three components of a mixture. When hazardous substances are detected, the user is alerted to immediate action with color-coded warnings.
- WP-063Recommendations for converting a manual titration procedure into an automated titration procedure
This white paper summarizes the steps involved in converting an existing manual titration procedure to semi-automated or automated titration procedures. It discusses topics such as selecting the right electrode and titration mode. For a better understanding, the discussion topics are illustrated with three examples.
- WP-050Manual titration vs. automatic titration: benefits and advantages to switching
This white paper summarizes the advantages and benefits of automated titration in comparison to manual titration. The increase in accuracy and precision of measurements as well as significant time and cost savings are discussed.
- AB-421Automated coulometric Karl Fischer titration
MATi 4 (Metrohm Automated Titration) is a configured system for automated water content determination in liquid samples using coulometric Karl Fischer titration. The maximum sample volume is 5 mL. Up to 160 samples are filled in glass vials and sealed with lids. This ensures that the water content in the samples remains constant. The samples are aspirated and transferred into the coulometric cell through a needle. The tiamo™ software controls the system.
- 8.000.6089Automated sample measurement in Karl Fischer titration
This poster describes a method for automated and precise dosing of liquid samples into the Karl Fischer titration cell using Metrohm Dosino liquid handling technology. First, the titer was automatically determined with ultrapure water. The same dosing procedure proved valuable for the automated water determination in highly viscous water-glycol fluids and low-boiling organic solvents such as n-pentane. Lastly, the method copes with the labor-intensive and human error-prone suitability test stipulated in chapter 2.5.12 in the European Pharmacopoeia.
- 8.000.6030Automated water determination in chocolate
For a variety of reasons, the water content of chocolate is of crucial importance and has to be accurately determined. This poster compares an automated version of the Karl Fischer titration (KFT) using the sequential addition of various solvents with the widespread manual titration at elevated temperatures using a chloroform/methanol mixture. The water contents determined by the two procedures show excellent agreement. However, manual titration requires laborintensive sample preparation, the side reactions are difficult to quantify and hazardous halogenated solvents have to be used. In contrast, automated KFT is straightforward, uses non-hazardous solvents, allows to quantify the side reactions and is easily applicable to water determinations in sugar- and fat-containing matrices.
- 8.000.6012Automated logical dilution for ion chromatographic determinations
The combination of 850 Professional IC, 858 Professional Sample Processor, Dosino and MagIC NetTM software offers a variety of sophisticated ion chromatographic sample preparation techniques. One of these is the automated inline dilution of samples.After the first sample injection, MagIC NetTM verifies if the area of the sample peak lies within the calibration range. If the measured peak area is outside these limits, the software calculates the appropriate dilution factor, dilutes and automatically re-injects the sample. For all investigated ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, F-, Cl- , NO2-, Br-, NO3-, SO42- ), automated logical dilution yielded coefficients of determination (R2) better than 0.9999. Direct-injection recoveries for cations and anions were within 98.6…99.5% and 93.4…100.4% respectively. In contrast, after logical dilution, recoveries for cations and anions were within 100.1…102.9% and 98.2…102.6% respectively. The relative standard deviations for all determinations involving diluted sample solutions were smaller than 0.91%.
- AN-T-157Automatic potentiometric titration of sulfanilamide
The purity of sulfanilamide was determined by means of automatic potentiometric titration using sodium nitrite as the titrant. The solution was spiked with potassium bromide, because bromide ions catalyze diazotization titration.
- AB-407Automated volumetric Karl Fischer titration with MATi 10
This Application Bulletin provides information regarding the MATi 10 (Metrohm Automated Titration) system. MATi 10 is a completely configured system for automatic volumetric Karl Fischer titration with which the water content in liquid and solid samples can be determined. Up to 24 samples can be analyzed directly in 75 mL titration vessels. The samples are weighed into the titration vessels and covered with an aluminum foil. This prevents falsification of the water content.
- AB-417Automated volumetric Karl Fischer titration using MATi 11
MATi 11 (MATi = Metrohm Automated Titration) is a completely configured system for water content determination in solid or liquid samples using automated volumetric Karl Fischer titration. It contains a Polytron PT 1300 D for the homogenization of the samples. Up to 53 samples are analyzed directly in 120 mL titration beakers. The samples are weighed in the titration beaker and sealed with aluminum foil and a foil holder so that they neither lose nor absorb water.
- AN-AUT-003Automated sample handling and analysis with NOVA: High-throughput electrochemistry
The Metrohm 858 Professional Sample Processor is a robotic liquid handling system capable of handling large series of samples automatically. This instrument provides a platform that can be directly controlled by the NOVA software and combined with the Autolab potentiostat/galvanostat for automated high-throughput electrochemical measurements.
- AN-T-152Automatic determination of mercaptans in refinery products
Potentiometric titration with silver nitrate can be used for the determination of mercaptans in refinery products. This Application Note describes their automatic determination in a middle distillate sample (gas oil).
- AN-S-363Combination of Inline Dilution with subsequent Inline Ultrafiltration and automatic calibration
Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation (MISP) is a collection of versatile, time- and cost- effective techniques reducing manual sample preparation. This Application Note describes the combination of Inline Dilution with Inline Ultrafiltration. Samples are automatically diluted and subsequently filtered before injection. MagIC Net allows to run intelligent dilution by checking results and rediluting the sample if the result is out of the calibration range. Also the multipoint calibration is performed by automatically diluting the stock standard solution. In this way, an automatic calibration of each analyte is effectively achieved.
- AN-T-104Fully automated determination of barium in aqueous solution
This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of barium in aqueous solutions with a copper ion-selective electrode.
- AN-T-107Fully automated determination of total iron in cement
This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of total iron in cement with a copper ion-selective electrode.
- AB-223Fully automated determination of uranium
This Bulletin describes the fully automated determination of uranium according to the method of Davies and Gray: Uranium(VI) is reduced in concentrated phosphoric acid solution with iron(II) to form Uranium(IV). With molybdenum as a catalyst, the excess iron(II) is oxidized with nitric acid. The nitrous acid that is formed is destroyed with sulfamic acid before uranium(IV) is titrated with a potassium dichromate solution in the presence of a vanadium catalyst.
- AN-T-205Fully automated water analysis by OMNIS
The determination of the physical and chemical parameters as electrical conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, the calcium and magnesium hardness as well as the total hardness are necessary for evaluating the water quality. A fast and accurate determination in tap water is realized using an automated OMNIS System working in parallel on different workstations. An 856 Conductivity Module with Dosinos extends the system.
- AN-T-105Fully automated determination of bismuth(III) in aqueous solution
This application note shows how to determine the bismuth content automatically in aqueous solution with potentiometric titration.
- AN-T-108Fully automated determination of zinc(II) in aqueous solution
This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of zinc(II) in aqueous solutions with a copper ion-selective electrode.
- AN-T-103Fully automated determination of aluminum in aqueous solution
In many countries, the aluminum concentration in water is limited to 0.2 mg/L. This application note shows how the analysis of aluminum in water can be done fully automatically by complexometric titration with EDTA.
- AB-342Automated determination of calcium and magnesium in milk with thermometric titration
This bulletin deals with the automated determination of calcium and magnesium in commercially available finished milk products using a 859 Titrotherm and a 814 USB Sample Processor. Calcium and magnesium in milk can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Na4EDTA as titrant.Thermometric titrations are conducted under conditions of constant titrant addition rate. The molarity of the titrant is computed automatically in tiamo (software) using the SLO command. Results are reported as mg Ca and Mg/100 mL.
- 8.000.6044Fully automated sample preparation for liquid chromatographic content determinations
Inline coupling of the 815 Robotic Soliprep with an ion chromatograph (IC) allows the straightforward determination of anions and cations in tablets. After automatic solvent addition and subsequent comminution, the homogenized tablet samples (Singulair and Bezafibrat) are filtered and subsequently transferred to the injector. The completely automated sample preparation saves both time and money, guarantees traceability of each sample preparation step and yields correct and precise results. In the range of 0.2…50 mg/L, six-point calibration curves for anions and cations yield correlation coefficients better than 0.99990 and 0.99991, respectively. While relative standard deviations (RSDs) for sub-ppm levels of nitrate, sulfate, calcium and magnesium in Singulair and Bezafibrat are smaller than 3.64%, RSD of ppm levels of chloride is better than 0.83%. The application of further inline sample preparation steps such as pulverizing, extracting, filtering or diluting facilitates numerous custom-tailored setups for ion determinations in exacting matrices such as animal feed, sediments or food.
- AN-T-127Automatic determination of copper in aqueous solution with the Cu ISE
This Application Note describes the automated complexometric determination of copper with the Cu ISE.
- AB-178Fully automated analysis of water samples
The determination of the physical and chemical parameters as electrical conductivity, pH value, p and m value (alkalinity), chloride content, the calcium and magnesium hardness, the total hardness, as well as fluoride content are necessary for evaluating the water quality. This bulletin describes how to determine the above mentioned parameters in a single analytical run.Further important parameters in water analysis are the permanganate index (PMI) and the chemical oxygen deman (COD). Therefore, this Bulletin additionally describes the fully automated determination of the PMI according to EN ISO 8467 as well as the determination of the COD according to DIN 38409-44.
- AN-C-101Cations in biodiesel with fully automated aqueous extraction and subsequent dialysis
Determination of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in biodiesel using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection applying automated extraction and subsequent Metrohm Inline Dialysis.
- AN-H-089Automated analysis of hexafluorosilicic acid
Automated determination of the H2SiF6 and HF contents of industrial grade hexafluorosilicic acid.
- AN-T-179Fully automated determination of TAN/TBN according to ASTM D664 and ASTM D2896
Fully automated determination of the total acid number and total base number in engine oils according to ASTM D664 and ASTM D2896 is possible with the OMNIS Titrator.
- 8.000.6079Automated Karl Fischer titration for liquid samples using edible oils as an example
The poster describes the development of an automated Karl Fischer method for determining the water content in different edible oils.
- 8.000.6111Fully Automated Determination of pH Using Flow Cell Technology
A high throughput automated system was developed to determine pH of culture media using a pH module equipped with an external flow cell. A custom septum-piercing, vented needle was developed to accommodate the shape and size of the customer sample vials. For this application, both accurate and precise pH measurements were required. The data presented in this document was collected by a customer as a part of their validation process and was provided for use with their consent.
- AB-181Automatic potentiometric titration of aluminum and magnesium in the same solution
Mixtures of aluminum and magnesium ions can be analyzed automatically using potentiometric titration. The excess DCTA is back-titrated with copper(II) sulfate solution after the addition of 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid (DCTA) and complex formation. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode. First, the aluminum is determined in acidic solution and then the magnesium in alkali solution.
- AN-T-134Chloride in salted butter – Automated standard method reduces saves time and helps increase throughput
The salt content in food is a critical parameter, given that the WHO recommends a maximum daily intake of 5 g for an adult. In butter with a salt content exceeding 0.1%, it can be determined by a precipitation titration of chloride with silver nitrate. However, during manual titration the operator cannot leave the system unattended because he has to exchange the sample beakers manually which is time consuming and prone to errors.This Application Note describes the automated determination of chloride in salted butter in accordance with ISO 15648, ISO 21422, IDF 179 and IDF 242. If automated according to the norms and standards, salt determination can be performed completely unattended with superior reproducibility of results increasing efficiency in the laboratory.
- AN-H-088Automated determination of total acid number (TAN) in oils
Automated determination of total acid number (TAN) in new and used lubricating oils and crude oils using the 814 USB Sample Processor. Dissolve oil sample in mixture of toluene and 2-propanol, add paraformaldehyde and titrate with 0.1 mol/L or 0.01 mol/L KOH in propan-2-ol. The endpoint is indicated by an endothermic response caused by the base-catalyzed depolymerization of paraformaldehyde.Reference: 1. M. J. D. Carneiro, M. A. Feres Júnior, and O. E. S. Godinho. Determination of the acidity of oils using paraformaldehyde as a thermometric end-point indicator. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 13 (5) 692-694 (2002)
- AN-T-093Total base number in used engine oil – Fully automatic photometric determination increases reliability of results
Basic additives are added to petroleum products to inhibit corrosion as they have a neutralizing effect on acidic compounds, which are formed as a result of degradation processes. Total base number (TBN) indicates the amount of basic additives present and thus can be used as a measure for the degradation of the petroleum product.Using an automated titration system with a photometric sensor to detect the end point ensures that the titrations are always carried out under the same conditions. This improves the precision and reliability of the results.This Application Notes describes the fully automated photometric determination of TBN in used engine oil using the Metrohm Optrode for the indication of the methyl orange endpoint (at 520 nm).
- AN-AUT-002Automated sample handling and analysis with NOVA: Standard addition with the Metrohm 800 Dosino
The Metrohm 800 Dosino is the workhorse of any automated liquid handling setup. This instrument can be conveniently used in combination with the NOVA software and integrated conveniently with electrochemical measurements performed with the Autolab systems.
- 8.000.6065Automated ion chromatographic determinations over six orders of magnitude
Metrohm`s intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) excels in its capacity to perform automatic ion chromatographic determinations over 6 orders of magnitude. Crucial requirements for this are the system`s intelligence and the exact measurement of the sample volume. While the intelligence allows to compare results and take decisions, the dosing device takes over the high-precision liquid handling of even single-digit microliter volumes to the preconcentration column. By using only one analytical setup and without additional rinsing, samples containing both ultratraces and high concentrations can be analyzed.As the other Metrohm Inline Techniques, the MiPCT-ME technique presented reduces the workload, ensures complete traceability, is free of carryover effects and significantly improves accuracy and reproducibility of the results.
- AB-428Automatic conductometry in water samples with low electrical conductivity in accordance with USP<645>
This Bulletin describes the automatic measurement of conductivity in water samples with low electrical conductivity in accordance with USP<645>. Conductivity measurement is demonstrated on the example of ultrapure water, which is used, among other things, to produce injection solutions in the pharmaceutical sector.
- AN-T-116Automatic sulfate determination in aqueous solution using a combined ion-selective calcium electrode (Ca ISE)
This Application Note describes automatic sulfate determination using a combined ion-selective calcium electrode. Sulfate is precipitated with an excess of barium chloride solution. Excess barium is subsequently back-titrated with a standard EGTA solution.
- AN-U-070Paracetamol in tablets with fully automatic sample preparation using 815 Robotic Soliprep for LC
Paracetamol is an effective antipyretic and analgesic. Its determination in tablets using reverse phase chromatography and UV detection is quick and easy with the sample preparation described in this Note. The 815 Robotic Soli Prep for LC does everything automatically: from dissolving the tablets, homogenizing and filtering, to 250-nL-Loop injection.
- 8.000.6055Liquid handling applied to automated sample preparation in liquid chromatography
In routine chemical analysis, the predominant challenge involves a higher sample throughput, improved reproducibility, liquid handling flexibility and reduced personnel costs. In response to these requirements, the 872 Extension Module Liquid Handling in combination with the MagIC NetTM software and the well-proven Dosino technology expands the possibilities of inline sample preparation and opens up new fields of application. Among others, the module can be used, together with an optional mixing vessel, for pH adjustments, pre-column derivatizations, or the mixing of solutions.As a representative of an inline sample preparation technique, this poster describes the performance of precise dilutions. By using only one single stable standard solution, multi-point calibration curves can be automatically recorded by diluting a concentrated standard in an external vessel.
- 8.000.6048Fully automated determination of fluoride in blood samples
Sodium fluoride is used as a preservative in biological samples for alcohol analysis. All submitted blood samples, including those taken from vehicle drivers suspected of driving under the influence of liquor, have to be tested for adequate preservation prior to alcohol determination by gas chromatography. This is critical to ensure adequate sample preservation. Inadequate sample preservation may allow glycolysis and/or microorganism growth to produce ethanol.In the past this has been done by direct potentiometric measurement using a fluoride-selective electrode (F ISE), an ion meter and certified NaF standards. The sodium fluoride level was determined manually by dipping the electrode directly into the blood sample. Results were recorded manually. This poster describes two independent automated methods of analysis that allow the minimization of this tedious and time-consuming procedure.In the first one, the fluoride content in a blood aliquot is measured by direct potentiometric measurement after the addition of TISAB and deionized water. The second method employs the titration of the sample aliquot with La(NO3)3 after adding a buffer solution.
- WP-090Automated water hardness determination according to ASTM D8192
The ASTM D8192 standard allows analysts to determine water hardness in different water matrices by complexometry with automated photometric endpoint recognition, increasing the reproducibility and the precision of the results.
- AB-280Automatic Karl Fischer water content determination with the 874 Oven Sample Processor
Generally speaking, the gas extraction or oven method can be used for all samples which release their water when they are heated up. The oven method is indispensable in cases in which the direct volumetric or coulometric Karl Fischer titration is not possible, either because the sample contains disruptive components or because the consistency of the sample makes it very difficult or even impossible to transfer it into the titration vessel.The present Application Bulletin describes automatic water content determination with the aid of the oven technique and coulometric KF titration, using samples from the food, plastic, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industry.
- 8.000.6047Fully automated potentiometric determination of the hydroxyl number (HN) according to ASTM E1899-08 and DIN 53240-2
Hydroxyl is an important functional group and knowledge of its content is required in many intermediate and end-use products such as polyols, resins, lacquer raw materials and fats (petroleum industry). The test method to be described determines primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl number is defined as the mg of KOH equivalent to the hydroxyl content of 1 g of sample.The most frequently described method for determining the hydroxyl number is the conversion with acetic anhydride in pyridine with subsequent titration of the acetic acid released: H3C-CO-O-CO-CH3 + R-OH -> R-O-CO-CH3 + CH3COOH. However, this method suffers from the following drawbacks: - The sample must be boiled under reflux for 1 h (long reaction time and laborious, expensive sample handling) - The method cannot be automated - Small hydroxyl numbers cannot be determined exactly - Pyridine has to be used, which is both toxic and foul-smellingBoth standards, ASTM E1899-08 and DIN 53240-2, offer alternative methods that do not require manual sample preparation and therefore can be fully automated: The method suggested in ASTM E1899-08 is based on the reaction of the hydroxyl groups attached to primary and secondary carbon atoms with excess toluene-4-sulfonyl-isocyanate (TSI) to form an acidic carbamate. The latter can then be titrated in a non-aqueous medium with the strong base tetrabutyl- ammonium hydroxide (TBAOH). The method suggested in DIN 53240-2 is based on the catalyzed acetylation of the hydroxyl group. After hydrolysis of the intermediate, the remaining acetic acid is titrated in a non-aqueous medium with alcoholic KOH solution. The present work demonstrates and discusses an easy way to determine the hydroxyl number according to ASTM E1899-08 or DIN 53240-2 with a fully automated titrimetric system for a great variety of industrial oil samples.
- AB-343Automated determination of sodium in milk with thermometric titration
This bulletin discusses automated determination of sodium in milk products available to the public using a 859 Titrotherm and a 814 USB Sample Processor. The sodium content of milk can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically with a standard solution of Al3+ as titrant. Thermometric titrations are conducted under conditions of constant titrant addition rate. The molarity of the titrant is computed automatically in tiamoTM (software) with the SLO command. Results are reported as mg Na/100 mL. In addition to this application bulletin, you can find more information on thermometric sodium determination in foods in our application video available on YouTube:https://youtu.be/lnCp9jBxoEs
- 8.000.6024Fully automated sample preparation for the content determination of tablets
Benzbromaron is one of the main uricosuric drugs currently used. In addition to sophisticated and expensive LC-MS and GC-MS methods, benzbromaron can be effectively determined by titration with sodium hydroxide solution using a straightforward, fully automated sample preparation method. A high-frequency homogenizer comminutes one or three tablets within 90 or 120 s respectively. The overall analysis time is 8 minutes. Ten-fold determinations with one and three tablets resulted in a benzbromaron content of 99.2 and 98.7 mg per tablet respectively. Increasing the number of tablets from one to three lowers the RSD from 1.36 to 0.88%. These results show an excellent agreement with the benzbromaron content indicated by the manufacturer (approx. 100 mg/tablet).Besides the presented Titrando/homogenizer combination, the other two members of the 815 Robotic Soliprep Sample Processor family offer comprehensive sample preparation possibilities within the fields of IC, HPLC, ICP or voltammetry.
- AN-T-177Hydroxyl number in binders for paints and varnishes – Pyridine-free, fully automated determination according to EN 4629-2
The hydroxyl number is an important sum parameter for quantifying the presence of hydroxyl groups in a chemical substance. As a key quality parameter, it is regularly determined in various polymers like resins, paints, polyesterols, fats, and solvents. Unlike other standards, EN 4629-2 works pyridine-free and without refluxing at elevated temperatures for a longer time. The determination is based on the catalytic acetylation of the hydroxyl group. It is performed at room temperature, requires only a small sample volumen, and can be fully automated.This Application Note describes the potentiometric determination of the hydroxyl number in 1-octanol and polyethylene glycol according to EN 4629-2. Using the OMNIS DIS-Cover technique, all sample preparation steps can be fully automated. Furthermore, the use of an OMNIS Sample Robot allows parallel analysis of multiple samples. The average time per analysis for one sample is thus reduced from approximately 49 min to 25 min., considerably increasing productivity in the laboratory.
- 8.000.6043Automated dialysis as a sample preparation tool in ion chromatography
The analytical challenge treated in the present work consists in the determination of chloride, phosphate and sulfate in the presence of difficult sample matrices that interact with the stationary column phase or even render it unusable. Metrohm`s patented stopped-flow dialysis coupled to the new 881 Compact IC pro ion chromatograph overcomes these drawbacks. Two standard solutions covering the concentration ranges 1.0…3.6 mg/L and 10…36 mg/L as well as two samples, an ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk and a baby milk powder, were characterized in terms of analyte concentration, relative standard deviation, calibration quality, carryover and recovery rates. While the five-point calibration curves yielded correlation coefficients (R) better than 0.9999, carryover (between two subsequent injections of a concentrated sample and a blank) was less than 0.49%. Recoveries for the low (10…36 mg/L) and high standard concentrations (1.0…3.6 mg/L) were within 91…99% and 94…100%, respectively. Automated compact stopped-flow dialysis is a leading-edge sample preparation technique that ensures optimum separation performance by effectively protecting the column from detrimental matrix compounds.
- 8.000.6022Automated preparation of surrogate mixtures for the determination of octane and cetane numbers
Commercially available fuels are complex mixtures of hundreds of different hydrocarbons. For the calibration of the test engines or advanced experimental and computational research they are modeled by means of multicomponent surrogate mixtures that adequately represent the desired physical and chemical characteristics. By definition, every octane and cetane number corresponds to a specific mixing ratio of primary reference fuels (PRFs). Based on this information, the tiamoTM controlled automatic dosing device prepares the surrogate mixtures. The setup drastically minimizes time-consuming and error-prone manual preparation steps and the contact with hazardous solvents. Additionally, precise and accurate results are displayed on customizable reports that fully comply with all current GLP and GMP requirements.
- AN-K-069Water in E-liquids – Fully automatic determination by volumetric Karl Fischer titration
The vaping and electronic cigarette industries are growing. The mixtures used in these products are usually called e-liquid, e-fluid, or e-juice. Toensure the quality of these e-liquids, testing the most important parameters is required. One important quality control parameter is water or moisture content.Water/moisture content determination by Karl Fischer titration (KFT) is an established and reliable procedure. Compared to other methods the advantages of KFT are its accuracy, speed, and selectivity. For high water content samples, such as e-liquids, volumetric KFT is the method of choice.In this Application Note a system for the fast and reliable determination of the water content in E-liquids is presented. This fully automated system performs the analysis including system preparation, blank, titer, and sample determination completely unattended. Hence, the workload of the operator is reduced to only weighing in the sample and placing the sealed sample vessels on the system.
- AN-PAN-1014Automated online determination of salt in crude oil according to ASTM D3230
Automated online analysis with the 2060 TI Ex Proof Process Analyzer facilitates constant monitoring of the crude oil desalting process according to ASTM D3230.
- 8.000.6026Determination of the water content in tablets by automated Karl Fischer titration
The water content of tablets determines the release of their active ingredients as well as their chemical, physical, microbial and shelf-life properties. Accordingly, the water content is of crucial importance and has to be accurately determined. This paper describes the straightforward determination of the water content using automated volumetric Karl Fischer titration (KFT). Tedious sample preparation steps are eliminated by using a high-frequency homogenizer that additionally serves as a stirrer. Prior to titration, the homogenizer comminutes the tablets directly in the KF solution. As the comminution process takes place directly in the hermetically sealed titration vessels, interference from atmospheric humidity does not occur. Even after 24 h in the vessels, the moisture content of four different tablet type samples was within 93…108% of the initially determined values. With a coefficient of determination of 0.99993 the KF method is highly linear for water amounts between 4 and 215 mg. For all investigated tablet types, KFT provides results that lie within the range expected by the manufacturer.
- AB-322Fully automated potentiometric determination of the hydroxyl number (HN) according to ASTM E1899 and DIN EN ISO 4629-2
The presented titration system can be used for the fully automated determination of the hydroxyl number (HN) according to ASTM E1899 and EN ISO 4629-2. The method allows, the determination of polyols and oxooils without boiling under reflux or other sample preparation and is therefore a big benefit for laboratories that have to cope with a high sample throughput.The standards EN 15168 and DIN 53240-3 relay on the same analysis method as in ASTM E1899.
- AN-AUT-001Automated sample handling and analysis with NOVA: Autolab in combination with Metrohm Liquid Handling
Automatic sample handling and analysis is very convenient for routine measurements on large number of samples. Metrohm offers a wide range of high performance liquid handling devices that can be combined with the Autolab product range and can be directly controlled by the NOVA software.
- AN-C-167Quality test of an automatic and direct 1:2000 dilution applying Inline Dilution Techique
Automatic dilution reduces manual work and improves the reproducibility and accuracy of the results. So far, the Inline Dilution Technique (MIDT) has been tested in a range of max. 1:100. Using a dedicated sample needle this range is enlarged significantly. This AN shows the performance of an Inline Dilution with a factor of 1:2000 as well as a comparison of manual and inline dilution for a dilution factor of 1:1000.
- AN-T-095Automated mixing of a suspension and a solvent using a 50 mL dosing unit
Automated mixing of a suspension and a solvent in a 50 mL dosing unit can be used to add a well-defined amount of a suspension-solvent mixture to a sample solution without clogging the dosing unit and tubing by the undiluted suspension.The method is explained by means of the TAN determination of a petroleum sample using thermometric titration. For a better endpoint recognition, small amounts of a paraformaldehyde-solvent suspension are added (catalyzed endpoint thermometric titration).
- AN-T-211Fully automated wine analysis – Determination of free and total sulfurous acid, reductants, total acidity and pH value according to OIV
The analysis of the reductants, free and total sulfurous acid, pH and total acidity of wine can be performed fully automated on an OMNIS system based on the directive OIV-MA-AS323-04B, OIV-MA-AS313-01 and OIV-MA-AS313-15.Added components like SO2 have preserving properties and affect the microbiological environment (anti-microbacterial and enzyme-deactivating), they trap fermentation byproducts such as acetaldehyde and suppress a coloring into brown. The bound and free sulfurous acid are in an equilibrium with each other and can be determined via iodometric titration. Iodometric titration is also the method of choice to quantify other reductants, such as dyes, tanning agents, degradation products of carbohydrates and ascorbic acid. Finally, the acidity of wine is an important quality parameter, which affects the color and taste of wines. The total acidity and the pH of wine can be determined on the same system. Hence, Metrohm offers an all-in-one solution for the analysis of these mentioned key parameters.
- AN-NIR-078Automated moisture analysis in pharmaceutical peptides
The quantification of residual moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical peptides is an important measure for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. For development purposes, such measurements are necessary and routinely performed during stability studies and to optimize the freeze-drying process (lyophilization). Currently, Karl Fischer titration is widely used for moisture determination in routine analysis. However, this method is time consuming and destroys the sample during analysis. This Application Note shows that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, reagentless, non-destructive method to determine moisture content in lyophilized pharmaceutical products.
- AN-I-034Investigation of nucleation processes with automated titrators
This Application Note covers the formation of calcium carbonate from solution.
- AN-H-133Automatic sodium determination in cheese
Sodium can be determined thermometrically in cheese without sample preparation and addition of additives. A homogenizer is responsible for distribution and stirring. In addition to this application note, you can find more information on thermometric sodium determination in foods in our application video available on YouTube:https://youtu.be/lnCp9jBxoEs
- AN-T-144Mercury analysis using automatic photometric titration
Mercury can be determined in alkali media using back titration with zinc sulfate. Eriochrome black T is used as the indicator for this procedure. The Optrode is used for indication at a wavelength of 502 nm.
- 8.000.6037Fully automated inline eluent preparation on demand
By using the 800 Dosino and the 849 Level Control as the only additional devices, Metrohm`s intelligent ion chromatography (IC) systems - the 850 Professional IC and the Compact IC family - can be easily extended to perform any unattended inline eluent preparation. Fully controlled by MagIC NetTM, the 849 Level Control monitors the eluent level while the Dosino performs all dosing and liquid handling tasks. Consecutive injections of a 250-µg/L standard over approximately 20 days revealed an excellent retention-time stability. After more than 800 consecutive injections, relative standard deviations for anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) and cations (Li+ , Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were smaller than 0.55 and 0.41%, respectively. In the case of a 24-hour sequence, retention-time precision for anions and cations was better than 0.09 and 0.08%, respectively. The presented inline eluent preparation system increases the retention-time reproducibility and allows the determination of anions and cations over a one-month period without manual eluent preparation.
- AN-T-106Fully automated determination of calcium in milk
In this Application Note, the determination of calcium in milk is shown with the copper ion-selective electrode which is less sensitive to contamination from proteins.
- AN-T-142Determination of barium using automatic photometric titration
Barium is analyzed in alkali media using direct titration with EDTA. Phthalein purple is used as the indicator; the equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.
- AN-T-143Determination of cobalt using automatic photometric titration
Cobalt is analyzed in aqueous solutions using direct titration with EDTA at a pH value of 9. The indicator is murexide. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.
- AN-T-145Determination of palladium using automatic photometric titration
Palladium is determined at a pH value of 4 to 5 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.
- AN-T-146Automatic determination of tin using photometric titration
Tin with EDTA forms very stable complexes in its divalent and tetravalent forms. Hydroxo complexes form in alkali media, which is also why tin is titrated in an acidic medium (pH 2.1). Xylenol orange is used as the indicator. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.
- AN-T-147Determination of thallium using automatic photometric titration
Thallium is titrated in slightly acidic medium as Tl(III). Xylenol orange is used as the indicator to determine the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.
- AN-T-148Determination of zirconium using automatic photometric titration
Zirconium is titrated directly with EDTA in acidic aqueous solution (buffer, pH 1). Eriochrome cyanine R is used as the indicator for this procedure. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 520 nm.
- AN-T-149Determination of thorium using automatic photometric titration
Thorium is titrated with EDTA at a pH value of 4.9. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.
- AN-T-150Determination of nickel using automatic photometric titration
Nickel analysis can be carried out conveniently in alkali media using photometric titration. Murexide is used as the indicator for visualization of the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.
- AN-T-153Determination of cadmium using automatic photometric titration
Cadmium can be determined in aqueous solutions using back titration with zinc sulfate. Eriochrome black T is used as the indicator for this procedure. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.
- AN-T-158Determination of gallium using automatic photometric titration
Gallium is determined at a pH value of 4.7 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.
- AN-T-140Automatic photometric determination of lead using the Optrode
Lead is determined at pH 4 to 5 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as an indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is detected with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 mm.
- AN-T-141Automatic photometric determination of manganese using the Optrode
Manganese is determined as Mn(II) in aqueous solutions at pH 10 with Eriochrome Black T as indicator. Ascorbic acid is added to ensure that manganese is present in its bivalent form. The precipitation of water-insoluble manganese hydroxide is prevented by adding triethanolamine (TEA). The Optrode is used for detection at a wavelength of 610 nm.
- AN-I-012Automated calibration of the NH3 ISE for low ammonia concentrations
Ammonia determination via NH3 ISE requires precise calibration. Details on this are provided by the present Application Note.
- AN-NIR-071Automated acid number determination in lubricants with near-infrared spectroscopy
Acid Number (AN) analysis of lubricants (ASTM D664) can be a lengthy and costly process due to usage of large amounts of chemicals and required cleaning steps of the analytical equipment between each measurement. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient, fast alternative for the determination of the acid number of lubricants. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of AN in less than a minute.
- WP-051Automated CVS method development and optimization of multicomponent plating baths
For the past three decades, Cyclic Voltammetric Stripping (CVS) has been the standard practice for analyzing organic additives in electroplating copper baths in the circuit board and wafer plating industries. The variations in the compositions of such baths have created a need for more optimized method development routines. New advancements in the hardware and software protocols for CVS have simplified the overall process of method optimization to a great extent. In this study, the process of method optimization is discussed in conjunction with these protocols.
- 8.000.6078Water determination in pharmaceuticals using an automated Karl Fischer Oven Technique
The poster describes the water determination in pharmaceuticals using the Karl Fischer oven technique.
- AB-180Automatic determination of the formol number in fruit and vegetable juices
The formol number represents a further parameter for the characterization of fruit and vegetable juices. As this is merely an index (the formalin number does not deal with the molecular size, nor with the quantity of amino acids), the conditions of the titration can be adapted to meet practical needs. This concerns mainly the pH value of the endpoint of the SET titration (pH = 8.5, pH = 9.0, pH = 9.2, etc.).
- AN-T-125Automatic determination of cadmium in aqueous solution with the Cu ISE
This application note describes the analysis of cadmium in aqueous solution using a copper ion-selective electrode with Cu-EDTA complex used as an indicator.
- AN-T-126Automatic determination of cobalt in aqueous solution with the Cu ISE
This application note describes the fast, accurate determination of cobalt with a copper ion-selective electrode (Cu ISE) and Cu-EDTA complex as an indicator.
- AN-T-128Automatic determination of magnesium in aqueous solution with the Cu ISE
Magnesium can be determined with the Cu ISE. A small amount of Cu-EDTA complex is used as an indicator, as the Cu ISE is not selective for magnesium itself.
- AN-T-129Automatic determination of nickel in aqueous solution with the Cu ISE
Nickel can be determined with the Cu ISE. A small amount of Cu-EDTA complex is used as an indicator, as the Cu ISE is not selective for nickel itself.
- AN-T-130Automatic determination of lead in aqueous solution with the Cu ISE
Lead can be analyzed with the Cu ISE. Diammonium tartrate is added to the solution to prevent the precipitation of lead hydroxide in the alkali titration medium.
- AN-H-090Nickel in electroless nickel solutions by thermometric EDTA titration
Automated thermometric titration of the nickel content of electroless nickel plating solutions. The determination is suitable for fully automated titration employing a 814 Sample Processor.
- AB-177Automatic determination of the bromine number and the bromine index in petroleum products
The bromine number and bromine index are important quality control parameters for the determination of aliphatic C=Cdouble bonds in petroleum products. Both indices provide information on the content of substances that react withbromine. The difference between the two indices is that the bromine number indicates the consumption of bromine in gfor 100 g sample and the bromine index in mg for 100 g sample.This Application Bulletin describes the determination of the bromine number according to ASTM D1159, ISO 3839, BS2000-130, IP 130, GB/T 11135 and DIN-51774-1. The bromine index determination for aliphatic hydrocarbons is described according to ASTM D2710, IP 299, GB/T 11136 and DIN 51774-2. For aromatic hydrocarbons the determination of the bromine index is described according to ASTM D5776 and SH/T 1767. UOP 304 is not recommended for the determination of the bromine number or bromine index because its titration solvent contains mercuric chloride.
- AN-T-123Automatic zirconium determination in aqueous solution with ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Zirconium can be analyzed quickly and easily in slightly acidic solutions with back titration. The ion-selective copper electrode is used in this Application Note to determine zirconium in aqueous solution.
- AN-T-117Automatic determination of aluminum and magnesium mixtures with ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Aluminum and magnesium ion mixtures are analyzed using back-titration at different pH values. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode. First, the aluminum is determined in acidic solution and then the magnesium in alkali solution.
- AN-T-118Automatic determination of zinc and magnesium mixtures with ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Zinc and magnesium ion mixtures are analyzed using back-titration at different pH values. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode. First, the zinc is determined in acidic solution and then the magnesium in alkali solution.
- AN-T-120Automatic manganese determination in aqueous solution using the ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Manganese in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in alkali solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.
- AN-T-121Automatic indium determination in aqueous solution using the ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
This application note shows the use of an ion-selective copper electrode to measure the indium concentration in an aqueous solution.
- AN-T-122Automatic thallium determination in aqueous solution using the ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Thallium in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in a weak acidic solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.
- AN-T-091Fully automatic determination of total content of Ba, Ca, Mg, Pb and Zn in unused lubricating oils
This Application Note describes the determination of total content of Ba, Ca, Mg, Pb and Zn in unused lubricating oil by means of the Optrode (610 nm). An excess of EDTA is first added to the metals. Afterwards, the excess EDTA is titrated back with magnesium chloride solution up to the end point of the indicator Eriochrome Black T.
- AN-S-315Methanedisulfonic acid in chromium baths using nested dilution, Dosino Regeneration and STREAM
Methanedisulfonic acid (MDSA) is used as a catalyst in chromium plating baths. The MDSA concentration in the bath must be known in order to monitor the chromating. The analysis of a bath sample requires dilution by a factor of 2,500. This Application Note shows the automatic Inline Dilution that takes place in two steps. While one sample is being analyzed, the time-optimized dilution of the next sample is already running. The MSM is regenerated using an 800 Dosino and the STREAM setup: The eluent is used for rinsing the regenerated MSM after exiting the detector.
- AB-200Acid value, hydroxyl value, and isocyanates in raw materials for the fabrication of plastics – Determination by automatic potentiometric titration according to various standards
Polyurethanes are one of the most commonly used types of plastic. They are produced by the reaction of raw polyols with isocyanates. Depending on the starting material a wide variety of plastics can be obtained. The determination of the acid value, hydroxyl value, and isocyanate content plays an important part in the analysis of raw materials for plastics.The acid number of polyol raw material is usually used in quality control to ensure batch-to-batch uniformity. Additionally it is used as correction factor for calculating the true hydroxyl number. In this Application Bulletin the determination of the acid number according to ASTM D4662 and ASTM D7253 is described.One raw material for polyurethanes are polyols. Polyols contain multiple hydroxyl groups. Therefore, hydroxyl number of a raw material directly correlates to the amount of polyols present and it is thus an important quality control parameter. In this Application Bulletin the determination of the hydroxyl number according to ASTM E1899 and DIN 53240-3 is described.As polyols react stoichiometrically with isocyanates, the knowledge of the isocyanate content is an important quality parameter for the production of polyurethanes. In this document the determination according to EN ISO 14896 method A, ASTM D5155 method A and ASTM D2572 is described.
- AN-H-143Sulfuric acid and tartaric acid in tartaric sulfuric anodizing bath – Rapid, sequential determination using a thermometric sensor (thermometric titration)
Tartaric Sulfuric Anodizing (TSA) is an established technique for corrosion protection in the aerospace industry. It is an alternative to the environmentally harmful chromic anodizing process. As such, a method to monitor the levels of sulfuric acid and tartaric acid in TSA plating baths is required. Potentiometric titration methods have been developed, and are widely used across the industry. Their disadvantage is that two titrations with different electrodes and solvents are required.In this Application Note, an alternative method is presented, where the concentration of both acids is determined in sequence using a thermometric sensor. Compared to potentiometric titration, thermometric titration is faster and more convenient (no sensor maintenance required). On a fully automated system, the determination of both parameters takes about 7 minutes.
- AB-269Potentiometric determination of ionic surfactant through two-phase titration with the Surfactrode
On the basis of a multitude of practical examples, this Bulletin describes the potentiometric two-phase titration of ionic surfactants in raw materials and many other formulations.Two surfactant electrodes – the Surfactrode Resistant and the Surfactrode Refill – make it possible to perform this type of surfactant titration, analogous to the classic "Epton titration", with a high degree of automation. The achieved results correlate very well with those of Epton titration. The toxic, carcinogenic and environmentally hazardous chloroform can be replaced by other solvents such as methyl iosbutyl ketone or n-hexane.
- AN-C-190Analysis of amine emulsifiers besides standard cations
Isopropylamine and dicyclohexylamine are used as emulsifiers and need to be determined in emulsions along with standard cations. However, emulsions must not be injected directly into the ion chromatograph as the organic components may damage the ion exchanger stationary phase in the separation column. Inline Dialysis as sample preparation is the perfect tool for such samples. The ions of interest are separated from the organic phase by diffusion through the hydrophilic membrane, thus protecting the column. Full automation makes the analyses even easier and more efficient for the user.
- AN-K-074Water content in crude oil determined with Karl Fischer titration
To determine water in crude oil, ASTM D4928 recommends coulometric Karl Fischer titration with the oven method, allowing full automation for high reproducibility.
- AN-D-002Anions and cations in beer
This Application Note presents ion chromatography as a precise method to analyze anions in beer as well as cations with non-suppressed conductivity. Automation with Inline Ultrafiltration is also discussed.
- AN-V-238Bismuth stabilizer in an electroless Ni plating bath
Electroless Ni plating offers superior surface finish and corrosion resistance. Anodic stripping voltammetry allows Bi stabilizer to be monitored in Ni plating baths.
- AN-V-237Lead stabilizer in an electroless Ni plating bath
Electroless nickel plating ensures low-cost wear and corrosion resistance. Monitoring lead stabilizer levels in Ni plating baths is possible with the Bi drop electrode.
- AN-V-236Antimony stabilizer in an electroless Ni bath
Monitoring Sb(III) stabilizer levels during electroless Ni plating is critical for high-quality coatings. Anodic stripping voltammetry offers fast, reliable Sb(III) analysis.
- AN-PAN-1012Online analysis of nickel ion & hypophosphite content
In an electroless plating bath, the consumed ingredients have to be regularly replenished to ensure an even layer of nickel-phosphorus alloy. This requires online monitoring of the active bath constituents. Parameters to be controlled are pH value (4.5–5.0) as well as nickel (NiSO4 < 10 g/L) and hypophosphite concentration (NaH2PO2: 1–12%). Other measurement options include sulfate, alkalinity, and organic additives (via CVS).
- AN-T-250Potentiometric analysis of rare earth elements (REEs)
Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical materials whose deposit viability and processing streams require accurate mass-fraction determination during ore dissolution and purification. This Application Note describes a rapid potentiometric back-titration using a copper ion-selective electrode (Cu-ISE) that enables selective quantification and partial separation of REEs in complex matrices with near-quantitative recovery. As an absolute, flexible, and cost-effective method with ICP-compatible sample preparation, back-titration is well suited both as a reference technique and for rapid on-site analysis.
- AN-PAN-1019Online analysis of acids and iron in pickling baths
Pickling baths are used in the galvanic industry to clean steel surfaces and prevent corrosion through passivation. Maintaining specific Fe2+/Fe3+ and free acid/total acid ratios is vital to ensure the baths' optimal performance, which directly impacts the final product quality and reduces production costs by minimizing reagent consumption. This application presents a method to regularly monitor the acid and iron composition in pickling baths online by using a process analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.
- AN-T-075Conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, and chloride in tap water
In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and chloride content (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into an external titration vessel, further reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be calibrated automatically and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.
- AN-T-074Conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, and hardness in tap water
In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), the pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and Ca/Mg content (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2). Additionally, the system transfers the required sample volume into an external titration vessel for the analysis, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.
- AN-T-221SET titration of HPLC mobile phases
This Application Note shows the automatic pH adjustment of a mixture of acetonitrile, water and amine using a Metrohm titrator.
- AN-T-076Conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, hardness, and chloride in tap water
In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), Ca/Mg (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2), and chloride (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into external titration vessels for the different analyses, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.
- AN-PAN-1018Online analysis of acids, bases, and aluminum in anodizing baths
Anodizing metal surfaces improves resistance against corrosion and wear. Etching baths can be monitored precisely online with the 2060 TI Process Analyzer or 2026 HD Titrolyzer.
- AN-PAN-1069Online zinc/nickel plating bath analysis with X-ray fluorescence
The 2060 XRF Process Analyzer continuously monitors elemental concentrations online within zinc-nickel electroplating baths to precisely guide chemical dosing.
- AN-P-085Iodine monitoring in natural sources
Iodine is an essential mineral for human health, where it is necessary for e.g., the production of thyroid hormones. The presented method describes the determination of free iodide in milk samples using Metrohm Low Volume Inline Dialysis for automated sample preparation prior to injection into an ion chromatograph (IC) and subsequent amperometric detection in direct current (DC) mode.
- AN-T-131Calcium, magnesium, and total hardness in water
Water hardness is often determined photometrically using two different indicators and while performing the determination at two different pH values. Additionally, the determination itself is subjective, as the color change is determined by the analyst and not by an analytical device.This application note introduces a more robust option to easily assess calcium, magnesium, and total hardness in water by using the Cu-ISE and two different titrants. Sample preparation is identical for both analyses and can therefore be automated without any issues.
- AN-T-242Acidity in aviation turbine fuel according to ASTM D3242
This application presents the fully automated determination of acidity in jet fuel as per ASTM D3242 via photometric titration with an automatic titrator and the Optrode.
- AN-T-011Anionic surfactants in a nickel plating bath
Determination of anionic surfactants in a nickel plating bath by potentiometric titration with TEGO®trant A100 using the «Ionic Surfactant» electrode.
- AN-V-177Iron in a chromium bath (triethanolamine-bromate-method)
The concentration of Fe(total) is determined by polarography in alkaline electrolyte containing triethanolamine (TEA) and KBrO3. All reagents typically contain Fe impurities. Therefore a subtraction of the reagent blank is recommended.
- AN-S-213Nitrate in nickel plating bath
Determination of nitrate in a nickel plating bath using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection (205 nm) after chemical suppression.
- AN-H-047Determination of nickel by EDTA back-titration
Determination of nickel in refinery and plating solutions. When other metals capable of being complexed by EDTA are present, these will interfere and enhance the result for nickel.
- AN-H-052Determination of nickel in electroless plating solutions
Thermometric titration of nickel in electroless plating solution with disodium dimethylglyoximate.
- AN-H-137Determination of hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid in etching baths using thermometric titration
Thermometric titration is used to determine hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride) in etching baths containing ethanol and acetonitrile. Two endpoints appear on the titration curve that are used individually for the quantification of the respective acid.
- AN-V-149Cobalt in sulfamate-nickel plating bath
The concentration of Co in a sulfamate Ni plating bath is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) inammonia buffer pH 9.6 with dimethylglyoxime (DMG) as complexing agent. All reagents have to be added in the order listed below. Special care has to be taken that the measuring solution is mixed well before the complexing agent is added. In case of precipitations of Ni-DMG further dilution of the sample is necessary.
- AN-RS-040Trace Detection of DMT in Plant Matter
Modern recreational use of DMT (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine) is growing and although it is legally protected in some countries, new legislation attempts to reduce its abuse and associated adverse health effects. MIRA XTR DS from Metrohm Raman provides rapid and sensitive detection of DMT in the field.
- AN-V-128Iron (total) in a chromium electroplating bath
The concentration of Fe(total) is determined polarographically in a chromium electroplating bath. The method is suitable for iron in concentrations in the ppm range. Fe(II) and Fe(III) show signals with the same sensitivity.
- AN-V-162Iron in deoxidation solution (oxalate method)
The concentration of Fe(total) is determined by polarography in oxalate buffer pH 2. This method is suitable for iron concentrations in the mg/L range.
- AN-V-166Nickel in phosphatation bath
The concentration of Ni in a Zn phosphatation bath is determined by polarography in ammonia buffer pH 9.3.
- AN-COR-009Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of three coated aluminum samples
In this Application Note, EIS is applied on three coated aluminium samples, before and after the stepwise dissolution measurement (SDM). This technique has been reviewed in the Application Note AN-COR-08.
- AN-N-063Nitrate in a nickel plating bath
Determination of nitrate in a nickel plating bath using anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection (205 nm).
- AN-T-230Quantification of 1,2-diols by iodometric redox titration
Mannitol content determination is an important aspect of quality control in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Selective oxidative cleavage can be used to quantify the amount of 1,2-diol groups in the analyte. Determining the 1,2-diol content by iodometric titration can be fully automated for the most accurate results using an automated titrator and the dPt Titrode from Metrohm.
- AN-S-209Fluoride, methlysulfonic, ethyldisulfonic, and methyldisulfonic acid in chromium plating baths
Determination of fluoride, MSA (methylsulfonic acid), EDSA (ethyldisulfonic acid), and MDSA (methyldisulfonic acid) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.
- AN-V-027Copper in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants
Determination of Cu in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants after UV digestion.
- AN-V-150Copper in nickel plating bath
The concentration of Cu in a Ni plating bath is determined by polarography in chloride-containing acetate buffer at pH 4.7.
- AN-S-306Trace anions including chromate in water-steam cycle of a boiling water reactor (BWR)
Water of the water-steam cycle of boiling water reactors (BWR) needs to be free of corrosive anions. Analyzing these trace anions allows the parallel determination of chromate, which is a potential corrosion product. Automated sample preparation includes variable Inline Preconcentration (MiPCT) and automatic calibration with a single multi-ion calibration standard.
- AB-195Titrimetric determination of free boric acid and tetrafluoroboric acid in nickel plating baths
This Bulletin describes the simultaneous potentiometric titration of free boric acid and free tetrafluoroboric acid in nickel plating baths. After addition of mannitol, the formed mannitol complexes are titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. The determination is carried out directly in the plating bath sample; nickel and other metal ions do not interfere.
- AN-H-118Determination of hydrochloric acid in acidic solutions containing iron and aluminum
The presence of the hydrated ion [Fe(H2O)6]3+ can interfere with the determination of «free acid» due to the low pKa value (~2.2) of this ion. Ions of metals such as Fe, Cu, and Al can be masked effectively with fluoride, and permit the determination of the acid content by thermometric alkalimetric titration with good accuracy and precision.
- AN-T-020Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in chromium baths
Determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in chromium baths by iodometric potentiometric titration with thiosulfate using the combined Pt electrode.
- AN-H-053Determination of aluminum by fluoride titration
Determination of aluminum in acidic, basic, and neutral solutions; including aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate (also in anti-perspirant formulations), alum, etching solutions, and aluminate solutions.
- AN-S-328Sulfate in addition to chromate in bright chrome baths
Chrome plating is an important electroplating technique that covers metal or plastic surfaces with a thin layer of chromium for both protection and decoration purposes. The sulfate and sulfuric acid concentrations in the baths are important parameters in the coating process and require continuous monitoring. The anions in the chrome baths are separated on the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column and are determined using conductivity detection in accordance with sequential suppression.
- AN-U-025Saccharin and its degradation products (benzamide, o-toluenesulfonamide) in a nickel electroplating bath
Determination of saccharin, benzamide, and o-toluenesulfonamide in a nickel electroplating bath using RP chromatography with UV detection.
- AN-V-160Palladium in an activator
The concentration of Pd in an activator bath is determined by polarography in ammonium chloride electrolyte.
- AN-V-163Iron in degreasing bath
The concentration of Fe(total) is determined by polarography in an alkaline electrolyte containing triethanolamine (TEA) and KBrO3. All reagents typically contain iron impurities. Therefore a subtraction of the reagent blank is recommended.
- AN-V-195Iodate in electroless nickel baths
Electroless nickel plating is an important and well established process in the surface finishing industry. In the past, the addition of small amounts of lead has widely been used to stabilize the plating bath. With the increasing number of restrictions in recent years on the use of lead in consumber products, particularly electronics, alternative stabilizers were developed and introduced. One of the stabilizers used as lead replacement is iodate. It can be used as a single additive or in combination with bismuth or antimony. This method allows the determination of iodate directly in the plating bath sample by polarography. The method is simple and fast, however, sensitive and robust.
- AN-I-005Fluoride content of a chromium plating bath
Determination of fluoride in a chromium plating bath by direct potentiometry using the F-ISE.
- AN-T-082Determination of nickel using photometric titration
This Application Note treats the photometric titration of nickel using the Optrode (520 nm). Murexide was used as the indicator and EDTA as the titrant.
- AN-U-065Iodate and iodide in an electroplating bath applying direct UV/VIS detection
The determination of iodate and iodide in used electroplating baths is a demanding task due to the high concentration of other ions. Iodate is used as a stabilizer for the bath and needs to be checked for proper electroplating. The use of a sodium chloride eluent, the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column and direct UV/VIS detection permits the analysis of these samples without matrix interferences.
- AN-V-019Lead in a nickel plating bath
Lead is commonly used as stabilizer in electroless nickel plating processes. The regular and precise determination of the electrochemically active Pb(II) concentration is essential to keep the plating process running optimally under stable conditions. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry can be used to determine the active lead content after dilution. The voltammetric determination has been established as a straightforward, sensitive, selective, and interference-free method for this application.
- AN-V-164Titan in a titan pickle bath
The concentration of Ti in a Ti pickle bath is determined by polarography in an oxalic acid electrolyte.
- AN-S-051Chloride, sulfate, chromate, and sulfonic acids in a chromium plating bath
Determination of chloride, sulfate, chromate, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), methanedisulfonic acid (MDSA), and ethanedisulfonic acid (EDSA) in a chromium plating bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.
- AN-V-026Iron and zinc in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants
Determination of Fe and Zn in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants after UV digestion.
- AN-V-148Nickel in sulfamate-nickel plating bath
The concentration of Ni in a Ni plating bath is determined by polarography in ammonia buffer pH 9.6.
- 8.000.6091Ion chromatographic determination of halogens and sulfur in solids using combustion as inline sample preparation
The Combustion IC system presented allows the automated determination of organic halogen and sulfur compounds in all flammable samples. Both combustion digestion, which is automatically controlled with a flame sensor, and the professional Liquid Handling guarantee highest precision and trueness. This poster describes the determination of the halogen and sulfur content in a certified polymer standard, a coal reference material as well as in latex and vinyl gloves.
- AB-130Chloride titrations with potentiometric indication
Potentiometric titration is an accurate method for determining chloride content. For detailed instructions and troubleshooting tips, download our Application Bulletin.
- AN-T-204Permanganate index in water
The permanganate index (PMI) is a sum parameter that indicates the total load of oxidizable organic and inorganic matter in water. The substances concerned are mainly humic materials/acids that are primarily formed when dead organic material present in soil is further broken down and released into water sources. As it is an indicator of the water quality, testing of the PMI for drinking water is obligatory in many countries.For the determination, it is necessary to heat the stabilized water sample to 95 °C and higher for a stipulated time. Afterwards, the amount of permanganate that has remained after the reaction with the sample is determined titrimetrically. This sample preparation step requires considerable manual effort.In this Application Note, a fully automated procedure for the determination of the PMI according to GB/T 11892 is described, including all sample preparation steps. The gains in productivity because of a reduced manual workload are considerable.
- AN-S-247Hypophosphite, phosphite, and phosphate in a nickel bath
Determination of hypophosphite, phosphite, and phosphate in a nickel bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline cation exchange.
- AN-V-024Copper and chromium in an etching bath
Determination of Cu and Cr in an etching bath. Due to the high concentrations of Mn and Ni, Cu is determined as the EDTA complex and Mn as DTPA complex.
- AN-V-151Antimony(III) and antimony(total) in electroless nickel bath
The concentration of Sb(III) and Sb(total) in an electroless nickel bath is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). In c(HCl) = 0.6 mol/L only Sb(III) shows a signal. In w(HCl) = 10% the Sb(total) content is determined.
- AN-T-167Isocyanate content of polyurethane raw materials
Polyurethane (PU) is a class of very important polymers due to its flexibility and insulating properties. It is used in various industries such as the automobile industry, in building construction, as well as in the production of synthetic fibers. PU is mostly produced via a chemical reaction between polyisocyanates and polyols.The isocyanate (NCO) content in the raw material is crucial to control its properties. This Application Note shows an easy and straightforward way to determine the NCO content in polyurethane raw materials using a fully automated titration system from Metrohm.
- AN-COR-016ASTM G61: Standard test method for conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization
This Application Note details ASTM G61-compliant corrosion measurements performed with VIONIC powered by INTELLO using Metrohm’s ASTM-compliant corrosion cells.
- AN-V-196Antimony and bismuth in electroless nickel baths
Electroless nickel plating is an important and well established process in the surface finishing industry. In the past the addition of small amounts of lead has widely been used to stabilize the plating bath. With the increasing number of restrictions in recent years on the use of lead in consumber products, particularly electronics, alternative stabilizers were developed and introduced. Two of the stabilizers used as lead replacement are antimony and bismuth. They can be used as a single additive or in combination with each other or iodate. This method allows the determination of antimony and bismuth directly in the plating bath sample by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The method is simple and fast, however sensitive and robust
- WP-044Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion Research
Free white paper describes the effective use of electrochemical techniques to measure corrosion and the effectiveness of inhibitors.
- AN-H-025Determination of moisture in lubricating oils by DMP
Determination of water in automotive lubricating oils.
- AN-COR-017Coulometric Reduction as per ASTM B825
The ASTM B825 is used to determine the corrosion and tarnish film on metal surfaces. This is achieved by using the so-called cathodic reduction method. With the help of a Metrohm Autolab PGSTAT302N and a Metrohm Autolab 1 L corrosion cell, a procedure to replicate the ASTM B825 is shown.
- AN-COR-018Evaluation of organic coatings on metals using Autolab PGSTAT based on ISO 17463 – Paints and Varnishes
The International Standard ISO 17463 describes the determination of the anticorrosive properties of high impedance organic protective coatings on metals. This technique uses cycles composed of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, cathodic polarizations and potential relaxation. This application note shows the compliance of the Metrohm Autolab PGSTAT M204 and flat cell with the standard ISO 17463.
- AN-T-004Chloride in meat products
In order to maintain product quality, the sodium chloride content in meat products must be monitored, as the limit values defined by the respective public health authorities must not be exceeded. The chloride content in food correlates with the salt content, its determination is therefore described in various norms and standards. However, preparation of meat samples is time consuming, as it requires homogenization with a mixer and a chloride extraction with water.In order to reduce workload and working hours, this Application Note describes a fully automatic potentiometric titration of chloride with silver nitrate in meat products based on ISO 1841-2, including fully automated sample preparation using a Polytron homogenizer.
- AN-EC-036Ohmic iR drop Part 3 – Measurement with EIS
This Application Note explains manual and automated iR drop correction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cautions against using less accurate methods.
- AN-K-068Water content determination and acid-base titration in parallel
The water content determination by volumetric Karl Fischer titration is one of the most important analyses worldwide. Using an OMNIS system consisting of an OMNIS Titrator and an OMNIS Sample Robot, the fully automatic analysis of water content is possible in various products and matrices. The OMNIS Sample Robot is capable of running several different titrations in parallel. In this Application Note, we present the results of a volumetric Karl Fischer titration run in parallel to an aqueous acid-base titration on the same system. The water content is not influenced by the parallel running aqueous titration, allowing the combination of potentiometric titrations and Karl Fischer titrations on the same automated system.
- AB-066Potentiometric and thermometric determination of boric acid
Boric acid is used in many primary circuits of nuclear power plants, in nickel plating baths, and in the production of optical glasses. Furthermore, boron compounds are found in washing powders and fertilizers. This bulletin describes the potentiometric and thermometric determination of boric acid. The determination also covers further boron compounds, when acidic digestion is applied.
- AN-S-024Fluoride, chloride, and nitrate in an acidic nickel/zinc bath
Determination of fluoride, chloride, and nitrate in a solution of NiSO4, ZnSO4 in sulfuric acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.
- AN-T-100Chloride in acidic copper baths
Acid copper baths are mainly used for the copper deposition on semiconductor wafers. Small amounts of chloride increase the speed of deposition and reduce anode polarization. However, higher concentrations are undesired, as this will decrease the quality of the copper deposition. Therefore, it is quite important to monitor the amount of chloride to have an effective, yet high-quality copper deposition process.In this Application Note, a fully automated solution based on titration is presented. In comparison to ion chromatography, titration offers the benefit that no dilution of the sample is necessary, and the hardware is comparatively low-priced. Furthermore, the fully automated solution allows users to minimize handling errors, to reduce workloads, and to guarantee outstanding reproducibility.
- AB-092Potentiometric analysis of lead plating baths
This Bulletin describes the potentiometric determination of lead, tin(II), and free fluoroboric acid.
- AN-COR-010Electrochemical Corrosion Studies of Various Metals
Corrosion of metals is a problem seriously affecting not only many industrial sectors, but also private life, resulting in enormous costs. In this application note, the results gained during electrochemical corrosion studies on different metals are compared to literature data.
- AN-S-404Water quality testing with EPA 300.1
The Metrosep A Supp 21 column and 948 Continuous IC Module, CEP enable efficient, automated single-run analysis of major anions and disinfection byproducts in water.
- AN-K-053Determination of the water content in toothpaste with MATi 10
This Application Note describes the automated determination of the water content in toothpaste using volumetric Karl Fischer titration (MATi 10).
- AN-H-084Determination of mixtures of sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids
Determination of mixtures of sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids. The procedure is suitable for automated analysis using an 814 Sample Processor.
- AN-K-054Determination of the water content in tablets
This Application Note describes the determination of the water content in tablets using automated volumetric titration including sample preparation (MATi 11).
- AN-T-243Sulfite determination in beet sugar
This study presents the automatic titration of low sulfite levels in beet crystal sugar using an OMNIS Titrator and a Pt Titrode as the potentiometric sensor.
- AN-H-115Determination of hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride, and maleic acid in acid cleaning solutions
A direct thermometric titration (TET) with 2 mol/L NaOH is used to determine the HF, NH4F, and maleic acid (C4H4O4) contents of acid cleaning solutions. Three endpoints (EPs) are obtained, which may be assigned as follows:EP1: C4H4O4 (pKa1 = 1.9), HF (pKa = 3.17)EP2: C4H4O4 (pKa2 = 6.07)EP2: NH4F (pKa = 8.2)The HF content is determined by subtracting the difference (EP2-EP1) from EP1.
- AN-K-051Determination of the water content in spirits with MATi 10
This Application Note describes the automated determination of the water content in liqueur (30% v/v) using volumetric Karl Fischer titration (MATi 10).
- AN-C-112Inline eluent preparation for cation analysis
Long-term determination of standard cations with automatic inline eluent preparation using Dosino and Level Control instruments and cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AB-090Potentiometric analysis of tin plating baths
Potentiometric titration methods for the analysis of acid and alkaline tin plating baths are presented. The following methods are described: tin(II) / tin(IV) / total tin, free fluoroboric acid, or free sulfuric acid, chloride in acidic tin baths, free hydroxide, and carbonate in alkaline tin baths.
- 8.000.6077Determining the water content in biodiesel by Karl Fischer titration as per EN ISO 12937
This poster describes the water determination in different biodiesel samples via direct coulometric titration, the Karl Fischer oven method and an automated KF pipetting system.
- AN-C-102Standard cations in orange juice
Determination of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in orange juice using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection applying automated dilution and subsequent Metrohm Inline Ultrafiltration.
- AN-S-264Inline eluent preparation for anion analysis
Long-term determination of standard anions with automatic inline eluent preparation applying Dosino and Level Control technology using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.
- AB-102Conductometry
This bulletin contains two parts. The first part gives a short theoretical overview while more details are offered in the Metrohm Monograph Conductometry. The second, practice-oriented part deals with the following subjects:Conductivity measurements in general; Determination of the cell constant; Determination of the temperature coefficient; Conductivity measurement in water samples; TDS – Total Dissolved Solids; Conductometric titrations;
- AN-V-220Remaining Useful Life of lubricants
Testing of in-service lubricating oils for their remaining antioxidant content is critical for capital equipment uptime as well as reducing running costs and repair expenses. Test methodologies such as RPVOT (rotating pressure vessel oxidation test) are time consuming and expensive to perform. Remaining Useful Life is a proven voltammetric method for testing the remaining active antioxidant content in minutes. Depending on the electrolyte, aromatic amine and phenolic antioxidants or hindered phenolic antioxidants can be determined.For the first time, a fully automated system is demonstrated, showing dramatically improved repeatability of data for confidence in reporting. Operator time is saved during sample preparation and irreproducible manual interpretation is eliminated via completely autonomous software processing. The user adds the sample into the vials, then the determination process of the sample series (including sample preparation and result calculations) is carried out automatically. The system is based on methods ASTM D6810, ASTM D6971, ASTM D7527, and ASTM D7590.
- AN-K-052Determination of the water content in sodium acetate with MATi 10
In this application note, Karl Fischer titration is used to determine water content in sodium acetate trihydrate. The MATi 10 allows this determination to be automated, saving users time in the laboratory.
- AB-093Potentiometric analysis of cadmium plating baths
This Bulletin describes titrimetric methods for the determination of cadmium, free sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and total cyanide. The free cyanide can be calculated from the total cyanide and the Cd content.
- AB-004Biamperometric titration method for the determination of antimony in lead
An automatic titration method is described using biamperometric endpoint indication for the determination of antimony in antimony-alloyed cable lead (approx. 1% Sb). A 0.01 mol/L KBrO3 solution is used as the titrant.
- AN-T-161Sulfate in salts of laxatives and expectorants in accordance with Ph. Eur. 8.0
The composition of salts with laxative and expectorant effects must be determined precisely in medications. The sulfate content is determined using automatic potentiometric titration with EGTA as titrant in accordance with Ph. Eur. 8.0.
- AN-T-178Hydroxyl number in polyethylene glycol
The hydroxyl number is an important sum parameter for quantifying the presence of hydroxyl groups in a chemical substance. As a key quality parameter, it is regularly determined in various polymers like resins, paints, polyesterols, fats and solvents. Unlinke other standards, ASTM E1899 works pyridine-free and without refluxing at elevated temperatures for a longer time. It is performed at room temperature, requires only a small sample size, is applicable to extremely low hydroxyl numbers (<1 mg KOH/g sample) and can be performed fully automatically. This Application Note describes the potentiometric determination of the hydroxyl number in 1-octanol and polyethylene glycol according to ASTM E1899, EN 15168 and DIN 53240-3. Using the OMNIS DIS-Cover technique all sample preparation steps can be fully automated. Moreover, the use of an OMNIS Sample Robot allows parallel analysis of multiple samples. The average time per analysis for one sample is thus reduced from approximately 24 min to 12 min., increasing productivity in the laboratory considerably.
- AN-S-301Comprehensive water analysis with VoltIC pro I
VoltIC pro I is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu): comprehensive water analysis on a single system.
- AB-089Potentiometric analysis of anodizing baths
This Bulletin describes potentiometric titration methods for checking sulfuric acid and chromic acid anodizing baths. In addition to the main components aluminum, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid, chloride, oxalic acid, and sulfate are determined.
- AN-PAN-1001Online analysis of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in sour water stripper
This Process Application Note details the simultaneous online analysis of H2S and NH3 in sour water which was previously treated in the sour water stripper (SWS). The method includes automatic cleaning and calibration. Fast and accurate results are continuously supplied for process control.
430 Applications
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