Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. It can be present in drinking water as a result of water treatment or from corrosion in the water piping system. There is no guideline value for iron in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» because typical levels usually found in drinking water are of no concern. However, there are national limit values in various countries. The European Union has set a guideline indicator value for iron of 200 μg/L. Voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of iron in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetric determinations can be done used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field using the with 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out with adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) using 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Higher levels of copper in drinking water are usually caused by corrosive action of water leaching copper from copper pipes. While copper is an essential nutrient for the human organism, ingestion of higher concentrations have an adverse effect on human health. The current World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» recommend a maximum concentration of 2000 μg/L. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of copper in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

No health-based guideline value exists for zinc. However, to maintain good quality municipal drinking water, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) set a maximum concentration of 5 mg/L as the limit value. Typical concentrations in surface and ground waters are between 10–40 μg/L Zn, with values up to 1 mg/L in tap water. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on the ex-situ mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode provides a less complex alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for zinc determination in drinking water.

Bismuth is considered as a metal with a very low toxicity. In high concentrations toxic effects have been described, however. There is no guideline value for bismuth in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» because typical levels usually found in drinking water are of no concern. Anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of bismuth in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Tellurium is one of the elements recently identified as technologically critical for photovoltaic conversion, quantum dots, as well as in thermoelectric technology, and has the potential to become a new emergent contaminant. Until now there is no guideline value in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» and in the European Drinking Water Directive for tellurium(IV) concentration in drinking water.To monitor the tellurium(IV) levels in drinking water, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) performed on the unmodified scTRACE Gold is recommended. This method allows determination of tellurium(IV) in the concentration range between 1 µg/L and 60 µg/L when using a 90 s deposition time. The scTRACE Gold electrode does not need extensive maintenance such as mechanical polishing. Measurements can be performed in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer.

Nickel is widely used in stainless steel production. At high enough concentrations, it is known to cause allergic reactions when in contact with skin. Drinking water may be contaminated by taps which are made from metals containing nickel. The guideline value for nickel in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to 70 μg/L. National limit values of typically lower at e. g. 20 μg/L. Cobalt usually occurs associated with nickel and can be found in smaller concentrations besides nickel. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of nickel and cobalt in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, adsorptive stripping voltammetric determinations can be used in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on a bismuth film applied to the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Due to the toxicity and the detrimental effects of nickel and cobalt on human health, their concentrations in drinking water must be controlled. Therefore, EU the legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for nickel in drinking water. The current provisional guideline value for Ni in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to a maximum concentration of 70 µg/L. To monitor the concentrations of Ni and Co with the 884 Professional VA, a method for simultaneous determination on the glassy carbon electrode (GC-RDE) modified with a Bi film is used.

EU legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for nickel in drinking water. The current provisional guideline value for Ni in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to a maximum concentration of 70 µg/L. The adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique performed on the ex-situ bismuth film modified Metrohm DropSens 11L screen-printed electrode (SPE) can be used to simultaneously detect concentrations as low as 0.4 µg/L for nickel and 0.2 µg/L for cobalt with a 30 s deposition time.The disposable, maintenance-free sensor can be used conventionally in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA, or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. This method is best suited for manual systems.

The difference between the toxic and essential levels of selenium to human health are very slight. Therefore, the current provisional guideline value for selenium(IV) in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» and in the European Drinking Water Directive is set to a maximum concentration of 10 µg/L.The anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) technique performed on the unmodified scTRACE Gold can be used to determine concentrations as low as 0.5 µg/L selenium with a 30 s deposition time. These limits can be lowered even further by increasing the deposition time. The linear range at 30 s deposition time ends at approximately 100 μg/L. The scTRACE Gold electrode does not need extensive maintenance such as mechanical polishing. Measurements can be performed in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. This method is suited for manual or automated systems.

To reduce the toxic effects of cadmium on the kidneys, skeleton, and the respiratory system, as well as the neurotoxic effects of lead, the provisional guideline values in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» are set to a maximum concentration of 3 µg/L for cadmium and 10 µg/L for lead.The powerful anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique on the ex-situ mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode is more than sufficient to monitor the proposed WHO guidelines for Cd and Pb in drinking water.

Mercury and its compounds are toxic. The highest risk is posed by chronic poisoning with mercury compounds ingested with food. A significant part of the mercury present in the environment is of anthropogenic origin. Considerable sources are coal-fired power plants, steel, and nonferrous metal production, waste incineration plants, the chemical industry, or artisanal gold mining where the use of elemental mercury for the extraction of gold from the ore is still common. The guideline value for inorganic mercury in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to 6 μg/L.With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Arsenic is ubiquitous in the earth’s crust in low concentrations. Elevated levels can be found in mineral deposits and ores. Arsenic from such deposits leaches into the groundwater in the form of arsenite (AsO33–) and arsenate (AsO43–), causing its contamination. In addition to the arsenic originating from natural sources, industry and agriculture contribute to the contamination to a lower extent. The guideline value for inorganic total arsenic in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is set to 10 μg/L. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of arsenic. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field using the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Arsenic is ubiquitous in the earth’s crust in low concentrations. Elevated levels can be found in mineral deposits and ores. Arsenic from such deposits leaches into the groundwater in the form of arsenite (AsO33–) and arsenate (AsO43–), causing its contamination. As(III) is more toxic than As(V) and shows higher mobility in the environment. The selective determination of this species is possible using the method described in this document.With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry allows speciation, i.e. the specific determination of As(III). While atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) (and competing methods) can only determine the total element concentration, anodic stripping voltammetry is selective to the As(III) oxidation state. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Water of the water-steam cycle of boiling water reactors (BWR) needs to be free of corrosive anions. Analyzing these trace anions allows the parallel determination of chromate, which is a potential corrosion product. Automated sample preparation includes variable Inline Preconcentration (MiPCT) and automatic calibration with a single multi-ion calibration standard.

Bromide is ubiquitous in sea water, where it is present in concentrations of around 65 mg/L. By contrast, the maximum bromide concentration in drinking and ground water is usually less than 0.5 mg/L. A higher bromide content may indicate a contamination of the water caused by fertilizer, road salt or industrial waste water. This Application Note describes the determination of the bromide content in water via direct measurement with a Br ion-selective electrode in accordance with ASTM D1246.

Ion chromatography (IC) is the method of choice to determine the concentration of common ions in water. This information is crucial as drinking water must meet certain standards to guarantee health (e.g., nitrite and nitrate), as well as technical suitability (e.g., corrosiveness of chloride and sulfate). The Eco IC is an ion chromatograph suitable for economical routine water analysis. Using an A Supp 17 anion column, the analysis of major anions in drinking waters is robust and can be performed at ambient temperatures without additional temperature conditioning.

Oxygen diffuses into water sources from the air via aeration, however several factors can reduce the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in water. First, as water warms up, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Secondly, oxygen is consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms which feed on organic material. Finally, plants can also consume oxygen in certain situations.Human-induced alterations can have a negative influence on surface water when DO values fall below crucial limits for maintaining the life supporting capacity of freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, monitoring the DO content in surface water by an optical sensor to assess its quality is important.

Safe drinking water is essential for human life and is also quite often a privilege. Whether the source is surface or groundwater, the presence of pathogenic bacteria, poor taste, and a detectable odor requires disinfection processes to guarantee the appropriate quality for drinking water purposes.

Zinc is an essential trace element for humans. Excessive intake of zinc in higher concentrations can be harmful, however. There is no guideline value for zinc in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» because typical levels usually found in drinking water are of no concern. Anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the determination of zinc in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetric determinations can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field using with 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on the scTRACE Gold electrode.

Even in low concentration, sulfide ions cause odor and corrosion problems in ground water and waste water. They can release hydrogen sulfide in acidified water, which is toxic in even minuscule amounts. This Application Note describes the determination of sulfide concentration in water via direct measurement with the Ag/S-ISE in accordance with ASTM D4658.

Lead is known to be highly toxic to humans as it interferes with enzyme reactions. Chronic lead poisoning can be caused by lead leaching into drinking water from piping systems. The current provisional guideline value in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» sets a maximum concentration of 10 μg/L. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 μg/L, anodic stripping voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine lead in drinking water. While AAS (and competing methods) can only be performed in a laboratory, anodic stripping voltammetry can be used conventionally in the laboratory or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer. The determination is carried out on a silver film applied to the scTRACE Gold electrode.

The presence of iron in drinking water can lead to an unpleasant taste, stains, or even growth of «iron bacteria» that can clog plumbing and cause an offensive odor. Over a longer period, the formation of insoluble iron deposits is problematic in many industrial and agricultural applications. To avoid these problems, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for water treatment and processing plants as 0.3 mg/L Fe in drinking water.The voltammetric determination of the iron triethanolamine complex on the non-toxic Bi drop electrode allows both the detection at very low levels (limit of detection of 0.005 mg/L) and measurements in a wide range of concentrations up to 0.5 mg/L.

Cyanides are used in some industrial processes, but if not handled carefully, they could contaminate the wastewater. In an acidic or neutral environment, this contaminated wastewater can form highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Furthermore, the cyanide salts could also poison the environment and enter the ground water system. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the content of cyanide in effluent water. Cyanides can be easily determined with a cyanide ion-selective electrode. This application note presents a method for cyanide analysis according to APHA Method 4500-CN and ASTM D2036.

The main sources of nickel pollution are electroplating, metallurgical operations, or leaching from pipes and fittings. Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries are major application fields for cobalt. In both cases, the metal is either released directly, or via the waste water-river pathway into the drinking water system. Therefore in the EU the legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for the Ni concentration in drinking water.The simultaneous and straightforward determination of nickel and cobalt is based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV). The unique properties of the non-toxic Bi drop electrode combined with AdSV results in an excellent performance in terms of sensitivity.

Fresh coconut water quality is influenced by crop location, harvest timing, and storage duration, creating challenges for consistent industrial production. This application describes the analysis of the parameters Brix, conductivity, turbidity, pH value, and salinity in coconut water with the OMNIS NIR Analyzer Liquid. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables rapid, reagent-free multiparameter analysis without sample preparation, reducing reliance on conventional laboratory testing.

Thermal power plants require enormous amounts of water, using high purity steam at high pressure to rotate turbines. A separate cooling water circuit is implemented, which helps to form a vacuum when the steam condenses after the turbines. Maintaining this vacuum with optimal condensation parameters is critical for the power plant efficiency. The copper condensers are susceptible to corrosion by ammonia, leading to an upper limit of 2 mg/L NH3 set by EPRI in cooling water. Small cracks in the condenser combined with the large pressure differential between the steam circuit and the cooling water circuit will contaminate the high purity water in the boiler, causing major problems and necessitating a shutdown for plant maintenance. Monitoring NH3 online in cooling water with a process analyzer can signal early problems in a plant before significant intermediation is necessary.

During drinking water disinfection with chlorine, chloramine, or ozone, potentially toxic halogenated byproducts can be formed. The disinfectants can react with naturally occurring bromide and/or organic matter in the source water and form one of the most common and highly toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs): haloacetic acids (HAAs). To protect human health, maximum tolerable levels of HAA in drinking waters are regulated (EPA 816-F-09-004). The EPA Method 557 specifies the analysis of HAAs beside bromate and dalapon by ion chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy (IC-MS/MS) with LODs varying from 0.02–0.11 µg/L. However, even with single MS, a high sensitivity is achieved to determine the current MCLs within an adequate accuracy. This Application Note describes the analysis of bromate, chlorite, monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA), bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), tribromoacetic acid (TBAA), chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) with IC/MS. The Metrohm Driver 2.1 for EmpowerTM offers the analysis as a single software solution with EmpowerTM.

Copper is used widely in industrial cooling water systems for its heat transfer properties, although it is susceptible to corrosion. Corrosion can cause a loss of efficiency and eventually a failure of equipment, leading to costly maintenance, replacement, and downtime. Corrosion inhibitors (triazoles) can be added to the water chemistry, which form sparingly soluble protective layers on the surface of the metal. Triazole concentrations must be maintained to protect the copper, which necessitates regular concentration determinations in cooling water. The 2060 IC Process Analyzer with UV/VIS detection is well-suited for this application, able to precisely and reliably measure multiple ionic and UV-active compounds simultaneously in cooling water.

The toxicity of antimony depends on its oxidation state: antimony(III) is more toxic than antimony(V). Due to its carcinogenicity, EU legislation specifies 5 µg/L and the World Health Organization (WHO) sets a maximum concentration of 20 µg/L as the Sb(III) limit value in drinking water.Straightforward determination using anodic stripping voltammetry provides a fast (analysis time under 10 minutes) and an ultra-sensitive tool for monitoring the antimony(III) concentration in drinking water. Measurements can be performed in the laboratory with the 884 Professional VA, or alternatively in the field with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer.

Fast and reliable analysis of drinking water by combining EPA method 300.1 Parts A and B in a single IC run.

The Metrosep A Supp 21 column and 948 Continuous IC Module, CEP enable efficient, automated single-run analysis of major anions and disinfection byproducts in water.

Presence of thallium in surface water is an indicator of industrial effluents and poses a serious health hazard if imbibed. Monitoring of thallium concentration can easily be done with anodic stripping voltammetry on the silver film modified scTRACE Gold. This non-toxic method allows the determination of thallium concentrations between 10–250 µg/L and can be carried out with the 946 Portable VA Analyzer.

This Process Application Note details the simultaneous online analysis of H2S and NH3 in sour water which was previously treated in the sour water stripper (SWS). The method includes automatic cleaning and calibration. Fast and accurate results are continuously supplied for process control.

VoltIC pro I is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu): comprehensive water analysis on a single system.

Groundwater contains many minerals, but can be contaminated by sodium-rich leachate from landfills. Accurate Na determination in water is possible following AOAC 976.25 using the Na-ISE.

The provisional guideline values in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» are set to 3 µg/L for cadmium and 10 µg/L for lead. The anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique performed on the ex-situ mercury film modified Metrohm DropSens screen-printed electrode (SPE) can be used to simultaneously detect concentrations as low as 0.3 µg/L for both elements. This is suitable to monitor the WHO guideline values. The main advantage of this method lies in the innovative and cost-effective screen-printed electrode.

This Application Note shows how easy it is to determine water content in the pharmaceutical excipient lactose with reagent-free near-infrared spectroscopy.

To determine water in crude oil, ASTM D4928 recommends coulometric Karl Fischer titration with the oven method, allowing full automation for high reproducibility.

Chlorinating drinking water can form carcinogenic byproducts. EPA Method 557 enables µg/L-level quantification of haloacetic acids using Metrohm IC-MS/MS technology.

Water content determination by volumetric Karl Fischer titration is one of the most important analyses worldwide, particularly when it comes to food quality. This parameter has a major influence on the growth of microorganisms, and thus indirectly affects the storability of the raw materials and final products. Consistent quality is only possible with precise measurements during the process. This measurement is performed with the Metrohm Eco KF Titrator for flour, dough, and baked goods.

Beer is a popular beverage consumed by millions of people for enjoyment, despite its humble beginnings as a water purification technique in pre-modern times. Brewing beer requires large amounts of water which must adhere to strict alkalinity, hardness, and pH parameters to ensure uniformity in flavor and appearance between each batch. Alkalinity is introduced by carbonates and hydroxides in water which raise and buffer the pH. Hardness, balanced to a large degree by the alkalinity, comes from Ca and Mg ions, mainly present as hydrogen carbonates. Depending on the concentration ranges, the 2035 Process Analyzer or the 2060 Process Analyzer are ideally suited for the fully automatic execution of these important analyses, as well as additional parameters like pH or conductivity. These process analyzers can signal the plant’s distribution system to correct the water chemistry, ensuring consistent product quality. In addition to alkalinity and water hardness, numerous other parameters can also be determined (pH, conductivity, etc.).

Accurate determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in water is crucial for many industries. Cathodic sweeping voltammetry (CSV) offers a robust, cost-effective solution.

Drinking water which has been disinfected via the ozonation process can contain undesirable levels of bromate, a carcinogen, via oxidation of bromide in the raw water. Already several agencies including the World Health Organization have recommended concentration limits for bromate set in place to limit its risks to our health. Ion chromatography is mentioned in several analytical standards for the determination of disinfection byproducts (DBP) including bromate, such as EPA 300.1, 317.0, 321.8, 326.0, ASTM D6581, ISO 11206, and ISO 15061. Monitoring trace levels of bromate online means higher throughput and less time spent performing manual laboratory tests, and ensures quality drinking water is produced.

With Hydranal™ NEXTGEN FA reagents, the water content in ketones can be determined quickly and reliably. Compared to other existing KF reagents for ketones on the market, the side reactions are measurably better suppressed.

Water activity is an important parameter to measure for non-sterile pharmaceutical quality and stability. The OMNIS NIR Analyzer provides this data within seconds.

Boiler water analysis is an important task in power plant applications. Under the given conditions, the "Metrosep A Supp 10 - 100/4.0" column separates sulfite and sulfate without any organic modifier in the eluent. Even without any stabilizer, sulfite can be determined with a high reproducibility.

Neutralizing amines are added to adjust pH levels within the water-steam circuit of power plants to avoid corrosion-inducing conditions. This preventive maintenance can reduce costly and critical downtimes due to corrosion, however frequent monitoring of the amine chemistry is necessary to ensure conditions stay optimal. The 2060 IC Process Analyzer featuring the Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT) option is ideal for this application, with the ability to measure trace amounts of the analytes precisely and reliably through an automated method. The benefit of using IC is that multiple analytes can be monitored simultaneously, and here the ability to measure the presence of sodium next to the high ammonium or amine concentrations could indicate that cooling water is seeping into the circuit, indicating a problem upstream.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate on a short column or the ions mentioned plus bromate and nitrite on a long column in water samples applying intelligent column-switching using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Quantitation of the functionalization of a water-soluble polymer was achieved using a portable Raman spectrometer. The Raman spectrum provides strong, unique bands for both the initial and fully reacted polymer. This enables development of a simple, robust quantitative analysis of the percent polymer functionalization. This method is now routinely used in a manufacturing plant's quality control laboratory.

Partial loop injection is a well known way of sample introduction to HPLC. In ion chromatography it is not yet used to a large extent. Liquid handling with Metrohm's Dosino technology now enables to use partial loop injection on a highly reproducible and accurate level. It includes multi-level calibration out of one standard solution. This AN shows its use for parallel anion and cation determination in tap water applying one single Sample Processor. The cation results are shown in Applicatin Note C-133.

Boric acid requires precise monitoring in the primary circuit to control nuclear reactor reactivity. The 2060 TI Process Analyzer monitors boric acid online in near-real time.

Malachite green (MG) is a textile dye with effective fungicidal properties, however it is acutely toxic and its metabolites persist in the flesh of fish and mammals, making it a threat to the human food chain. The EU has concluded that contaminated foods containing levels higher than 2 μg/g MG constitute a credible health risk, and several countries have banned malachite green as an aquaculture additive. Despite tight regulation, seafood products contaminated with MG continue to find their way to consumers.Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) to ensure food safety, the rapid and highly sensitive detection of malachite green is achieved in a facile assay format.

Vinylene carbonate is a widely used lithium-ion battery electrolyte additive that requires strict moisture control to maintain battery performance and lifetime. Accurate moisture quantification was historically limited by side reactions, complicating the analysis. The introduction of alcohol-free coulometric Karl Fischer reagents now enables precise, reproducible moisture determination, facilitating more reliable control of additive and electrolyte quality during manufacturing.

A safer way to monitor moisture content in crude distillation unit overhead fractions is with inline near-infrared spectroscopy using the 2060 The NIR-Ex Analyzer.

The guideline value for chromium in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is 50 µg/L. It should be noted here that chromium concentrations are often expressed as total chromium and not as chromium(III) or (VI). Chromium(VI) is responsible for changes in genetic material, and is found in significantly lower concentrations than Cr(III). Therefore an extremely sensitive method is required to monitor Cr(VI) in drinking water.The powerful adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique on the ex-situ mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode using DTPA as complexing agent can be used to determine such low concentrations.

Détermination du chlorure, sulfite, sulfate et thiosulfate dans une eau de procédé en utilisant la chromatographie anionique avec détection de conductivité après suppression chimique et détection successive UV/VIS.

PEDOT:PSS is a tunable, conductive coating whose properties depend on parameters such as counter-ion selection, secondary doping, and polymerization conditions. This Application Note demonstrates the combined use of EQCM-D, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods to monitor film growth, correlating frequency and dissipation changes across harmonics with in situ spectroscopic and electrochemical signals. The introduced probe-based EQCM-D platform enables simultaneous Raman acquisition, providing a powerful tool to design and optimize PEDOT:PSS coatings.

This Application Note demonstrates square wave voltammetry for sensitive, reproducible quantification of paracetamol using a screen-printed electrode and INTELLO.

This application note demonstrates EQCM D for simultaneous mass and dissipation analysis of Ni(OH)₂ electrodeposition.

The iron concentration in boiler feed water has to be monitored to ensure reliable and safe operation of the water-steam circuit. Various guidelines set limits for the maximum iron content.The concentration of total iron in boiler feed water can be determined with high sensitivity using adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) using 2,3- dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) as complexing agent. Voltammetry is a viable, less sophisticated alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductive couple plasma (ICP) for the determination of iron with only a moderate investment in hardware required and low running costs.

Microbore ion chromatography offers better sensitivity, shorter retention times, and consumes less eluent, increasing sample throughput and reducing running costs.

Caprolactam is an important polymer used for the production of Nylon 6, which is the base material for industrial fibers. Due to its commercial significance, many different synthesis methods have been developed over the years. Caprolactam is hygroscopic and water soluble, therefore it is important to have a reliable analysis technique for water determination. Analyzing the water content by conventional methods requires each sample to be weighed, dissolved, heated, and titrated. Compared to the primary method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers unique advantages: it generates reliable results within seconds, but it does not need any sample preparation nor does it create chemical waste.

The guideline value for total chromium in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» is 50 µg/L. Chromium(VI) is more toxic than its trivalent form (Cr(III)) and is also less abundant. Therefore a robust and sensitive method is required to monitor its concentration in drinking water. The mercury film modified scTRACE Gold can be used to monitor chromium(VI), offering easy handling and a high grade of stability.

To reduce the toxic effects of cadmium on the human body, as well as to limit the neurotoxic effects of lead, the provisional guideline values in the World Health Organization’s «Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality» are set to a maximum concentration of 3 µg/L for cadmium and 10 µg/L for lead. The completely mercury-free Bi drop electrode takes the next step towards converting voltammetric analysis into a non-toxic approach for heavy metal detection. Using this environmentally friendly sensor for anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) allows the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in drinking water. The outstanding sensitivity is more than sufficient to monitor the provisional WHO guideline values.

Acrylic dispersion paints are made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsions, which also include other organic material such as plasticizers, defoamers, or stabilizers. Acrylic dispersion paints are water-soluble but become resistant to water when dry. Due to the fact that once dry, acrylic dispersion paints can no longer be used, they should be stored air-tight at room temperature. For research purposes, it is of interest to assess the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in such samples as it is assumed that the DO amount can be related to the storage life. This Application Note describes a fast and accurate determination of dissolved oxygen by using an optical sensor.

In power plants, corrosion is the primary factor leading to costly and critical downtimes. In a nuclear power plant, a separate water circuit known as the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) ensures radioactive material stays contained while still transferring heat and energy to the other circuits. Boric acid and lithium hydroxide are added specially to the PWR circuit in amounts which can complicate other analytical measurements. Lithium prevents corrosion and must be monitored, along with other cations such as zinc, nickel, and ammonium. In order to measure these cations online at sub-µg/L range in a single analysis, the 2060 IC Process Analyzer is offered with combined Inline Preconcentration and Inline Matrix Elimination. Several cations can be analyzed in a single injection, with automated sample preparation making precise and reliable measurements easier.

Test measurements on water standards are performed with an OMNIS KF Titrator and Karl Fischer reagents Aquagent® Complet 5 and Methanol Fast from Scharlau.

Using disposable 11COND screen printed electrodes and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, conductivity in drinking water can be measured using only 100 µL samples.

Incineration flue gas requires treatment such as wet scrubbing. The 2060 VA Process Analyzer monitors heavy metals in the scrubbing water, ensuring compliance.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of density, water activity, and moisture of green coffee beans.

This study shows how NIR spectroscopy simultaneously measures capsaicin content, Scoville Heat Units, water activity, ASTA color, and ash content in paprika powder samples.

Corrosion in the water-steam circuit of power plants leads to shorter lifetimes of most metal components and potentially dangerous situations. Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is a specific case, leading to thinned pipes and elevated Fe concentrations in the circuit. Additionally, metal transport issues such as with Cu from copper heat exchangers can lead to deposition on the high pressure turbine blades, decreasing their efficiency. Current methods can monitor but not prevent these issues, and analysis times are extremely long (up to three weeks). In combination with the power plant’s Distributed Control System (DCS), online monitoring of Fe and Cu with the 2060 Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics ensures that corrosion can be controlled before it affects the power plant efficiency, ultimately decreasing downtime and lowering maintenance costs. Results are offered within 20 minutes, allowing fast adjustments to the water-steam circuit to protect company assets.

The new DIN draft standard 38407-53 outlines TFA analysis in water using direct injection LC-MS/MS, enabling quantification from 0.1–3.0 μg/L as shown in this Application Note.

This Application Note shows how NIR spectroscopy is used to determine the water content (moisture content), protein content, and fat content in whole and ground almonds.

This Application Note presents DPV as a sensitive, selective method for detecting heavy metals in water, detailing setup, parameters, and advantages over other techniques.

This Application Note demonstrates the use of NIR spectroscopy for the rapid, simultaneous determination of key quality parameters in semola and semolina flours, including protein, moisture, ash content, gluten, and water absorption. Compared with conventional reference methods, NIRS provides a faster, simpler, and highly accurate alternative with excellent precision, enabling efficient quality control and consistent production of high-quality pasta products.

One of the major sources of fluoride intake for humans comes from foodstuff, such as tea. Tea actually has one of the highest potentials to increase the daily fluoride intake. Excessive fluoride intake may lead to dental or skeletal fluorosis. The World Health Organization does not recommend consuming water with a fluoride content higher than 1.5 mg/L. In the presented method according to DIN 10807, the fluoride content can be assessed quickly with an ion selective electrode.

Le système automatisé Basic water analysis détermine la conductivité, la valeur pH et l’alcalinité dans tous les échantillons d’eau. Le haut degré d’automatisation (par ex. l’ajout d’échantillon automatique, le calibrage automatique ainsi que la détermination automatique du titre et de la constante de cellule) réduit les erreurs à un minimum et garantit une parfaite reproductibilité.

This study demonstrates that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a fast, reagent-free method for determining salt content in ready-to-eat pickled foods. Salt content is a critical quality and safety parameter in the production of pickled vegetables and must be monitored throughout processing and in the final product. Although NaCl exhibits no characteristic NIR absorption bands, salt-induced changes in water absorbance bands enable its quantification by NIRS.

Phosphorus removal is essential in waste water treatment plants to ensure the environmental balance is not upset by discharged effluent. In the treatment facility it is important to know the bioavailable o-phosphate phosphorus (o-PO4-P) concentration in the influent stream either to feed bacteria or to calculate the amount of reagents needed for chemical treatment. For environmental compliance monitoring purposes, treated effluent is monitored for TP – the sum of all insoluble and dissolved phosphates present. With the Metrohm Process Analytics 2035 TP Analyzer (complete with integrated compact digestion cuvette photometer module), you can keep track of both o-PO4-P and TP according to DIN EN ISO 6878:2004-09 around the clock.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a linear polymer, used in a variety of medical products (e.g. eye drops). Here, the degree of alcoholysis is an important index for the water solubility, viscosity, and adhesion of the product. The degree of alcoholysis is defined as the percentage of hydroxyl functional groups compared to the total functional groups accessible in the molecule. Conventional alcoholysis determination can take up to six hours per sample. Compared to the primary method, analysis with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) only takes one minute. The following application note describes the determination of the degree of alcoholysis by NIRS.

The planarity and smoothness of silicon wafers are fundamental to manufacture optimal semiconductor devices, and Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is the most common technology used to achieve ultra-flat surfaces. A slurry is used for this purpose, composed of deionized water, a colloidal silicon or alumina liquid dispersion, and hydrogen peroxide, which has to be constantly monitored at all times.Online monitoring of the CMP process is necessary to avoid chemical waste and enhance wafer production yields. Metrohm Process Analytics can measure not only the H2O2 concentration, but also pH, conductivity, and temperature using the multipurpose 2060 Process Analyzer.

Forensic institutes examine terrorist attacks and warfare agents via trace detection analysis of the used explosives and their residuals. Of particular importance is the acquisition of «chemical fingerprints» for criminal investigation departments and governmental security agencies. Institutes for public health and environmental protection analyze such compounds that can contaminate the underlying soil and infiltrate ground water.Forensic investigation with ion chromatography (IC) using suppressed conductivity detection allows a sensitive and robust determination of anionic contaminants such as chlorate, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, and perchlorate next to the common inorganic anions over a broad concentration range.

Détermination des sels de sodium et de potassium des acides carboxyliques dans des milieux aqueux. Peut être utilisée pour l'analyse de pureté des réactifs.

L'urée n'est pas un analyte typique en chromatographie ionique. Associée à MS, la CI est cependant la méthode de choix pour l'analyse de traces d'urée dans l'eau ultrapure. Cette Application Note présente la détermination des teneurs en urée dans la gamme ppb à l'aide de la colonne Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0.

Détermination de l'acétate, chlorure, nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate et sulfate utilisant la chromatographie anionique avec détection de conductivité après suppression chimique.

Détermination de la concentration en fer (total) dans l'eau distillée. La méthode est appropriée pour des concentrations en fer jusque dans une gamme moyenne de µg/L. La déposition électrochimique n'est pas utilisable pour cette méthode. Il est recommandé de soustraire la valeur à blanc des réactifs. Le Fe(II) et le Fe(III) donnent des signaux avec la même sensibilité.

Détermination de la concentration en fer dans des échantillons d'eau par voltampérométrie inverse d'adsorption avec le 1-nitroso-2-naphthol comme agent complexant. Tous les réactifs doivent être ajoutés dans l'ordre indiqué dans la liste ci-dessous. Tous les réactifs contiennent normalement des impuretés de fer. C'est pourquoi il est recommandé de soustraire la valeur à blanc des réactifs. Le Fe(II) et le Fe(III) montrent des sensibilités différentes. C'est pourquoi la solution ne doit contenir qu'une des espèces du fer. L'acide ascorbique (vitamine C) peut être ajouté à la solution de mesure et à la solution standard de Fe(III) si Fe(II) et Fe(III) sont présents tous les deux pour déterminer la concentration totale du fer. Une concentration finale d'acide ascorbique de 0.002 mol/L est appropriée.

Zinc coatings are widely applied for medical devices and to protect steel against corrosion. Electrodeposition, modulated by electrochemical parameters and tailored additives such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), enables control over coating morphology, with PEG shown to delay deposition and promote smoother surfaces. This Application Note demonstrates that EQCM-D, integrated with electrochemical methods, provides detailed insight into Zn deposition and additive effects, supporting process optimization for coating performance.

Détermination de chlorure, nitrate et sulfate dans l'eau ultrapure après préconcentration d'échantillons utilisant la chromatographie anionique avec détection de conductivité après suppression chimique.

Détermination du borate et silicate dans de l'eau ultrapure utilisant la chromatographie anionique avec détection de conductivité directe.

Détermination de l'ammoniaque (ammonium) dans l'eau distillée par potentiométrie directe utilisant le NH3-ISE.

Tafel analysis is an important electrochemical technique used to understand reaction kinetics. By studying the Tafel slope, it reveals the rate-determining steps in electrode reactions, aiding fields like corrosion and fuel cell research. This method helps industries optimize processes and improve device performance by tailoring materials and conditions for greater efficiency.

Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) is used to monitor gaseous and volatile species during electrochemical reactions in situ.

L'analyse de cations à l'état de trace dans de l'eau ultra-pure (gamme inférieure au μg/L) nécessite de réaliser une chromatographie cationique après suppression séquentielle et technique de préconcentration intelligente (MiPCT). Des cations à l'état de trace sont déterminés dans de l'eau déionisée (DI) et la limite de détection de la méthode (MDL selon l'US EPA) ainsi que limite de sensibilité (LOD = 3 x S/N) sont calculées. La limite de détection de la méthode et la limite de sensibilité sont très similaires dans la gamme inférieure des ng/L pour cette configuration avec un volume de préconcentration de 6 mL.

Détermination de 1 (3) µg/L de chlorure, nitrite, bromure, nitrate, phosphate et sulfate injectés directement, utilisant la chromatographie anionique avec détection de conductivité après suppression chimique.

Ce bulletin décrit la mesure automatique de la conductivité des échantillons d'eau faiblement conducteurs selon USP<645>. La mesure de la conductivité est démontrée en s'appuyant sur l'exemple de l'eau ultrapure, employée entre autres dans la fabrication de solutions injectables dans le secteur pharmaceutique.

Les métaux lourds, en particulier le cadmium et le plomb, sont connus pour être très toxiques pour les humains. Le contrôle de la teneur en cadmium et en plomb de l'eau de boisson est donc de la plus grande importance. Dans de nombreux pays, la limite dans l'eau de boisson se situe pour le cadmium entre 3 et 5 µg/L, et pour le plomb, entre 5 et 15 µg/L. La méthode décrite dans cet Application Bulletin permet de déterminer avec fiabilité ces concentrations à l'état de traces. La détermination est effectuée par voltampérométrie inverse anodique (ASV) à l'aide de l'électrode à goutte de bismuth non toxique dans un électrolyte légèrement acide.

Le cobalt, composant de la vitamine B12, est à ce titre un élément essentiel pour l'être humain. Même si de légères surdoses de composés de cobalt ne sont que légèrement toxiques pour l'humain, des doses plus élevées, entre 25 et 30 mg par jour, peuvent causer des maladies de la peau, des poumons et de l'estomac, des lésions au foie, au cœur et aux reins, voire même des tumeurs cancéreuses. Il en est de même pour le nickel, susceptible de provoquer une inflammation à de fortes concentrations. Boire une grande quantité d'eau contenant du nickel peut provoquer malaises et nausées. Dans l'UE, la législation spécifie une valeur limite de 0,02 mg/L pour la concentration de nickel dans l'eau de boisson.

L'association des 940 Professional IC Vario, 942 Extension Module Vario LQH et 941 Eluent Preparation Module permet de contrôler le processus à l'aide de la chromatographie ionique. Cette association désignée ProfIC Vario 12 Anion est la variante anionique du Metrohm Process IC. La technique de préconcentration intelligente avec élimination de la matrice est utilisée en préparation des échantillons. L'utilisation d'un ELGA PURELAB® Flex 6 assure l'alimentation en eau ultrapure d'une qualité optimale, en particulier lorsque le débit d'échantillons est élevé.

Le cuivre est probablement l'un des métaux les plus importants sur le plan technologique, notamment dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs. Le processus de déposition mis en œuvre dans l'industrie est connu sous le nom de procédé « double damascène » et comporte une électrodéposition du cuivre depuis un composé de cuivre acide en présence d'additifs.Cette Application Note décrit comment l'électrode tournante à disque et à anneau (Rotating Ring Disc Electrode) d'Autolab peut servir à l'analyse de l'électrodéposition du cuivre et à la détection du produit intermédiaire Cu+.

La détermination des ions métalliques lourds dans une solution est l'une des applications les plus performantes de l'électrochimie. Dans cette Application Note, la voltampérométrie anodique inverse est utilisée pour mesurer la présence de deux analytes dans un échantillon d'eau du robinet.

Ce livre blanc présente quatre capteurs "verts" différents : les électrodes sérigraphiées scTRACE Gold, l'électrode de carbone vitreux et l'électrode de goutte Bi de Metrohm qui peuvent être utilisées pour déterminer de faibles concentrations de métaux lourds dans différentes matrices d'échantillons, telles que l'eau d'alimentation des chaudières, l'eau potable et l'eau de mer.

La détermination photométrique du nitrate est limitée, puisque les méthodes correspondantes (acide salicylique, brucine, 2,6-diméthylphénol, réactif de Nessler après réduction du nitrate à l'ammonium) sont soumises à des perturbations. La détermination potentiométrique directe utilisant une électrode ionique spécifique au nitrate pose des problèmes en présence de concentrations importantes de chlorure ou de composés organiques avec groupes carboxyle. D'autre part, la méthode polarographique est non seulement plus rapide, mais également pratiquement insensible aux perturbations chimiques, ce qui assure donc des résultats plus précis. La limite de détermination dépend de la matrice de l'échantillon et est d'environ 1 mg/L.

L'« oxygène dissous » désigne la quantité de molécules d'oxygène (O2) dissoutes dans une phase liquide dans certaines conditions. Dans ce livre blanc, deux méthodes différentes d'analyse de l'oxygène dissous, le titrage et la mesure directe, sont comparées et opposées pour aider les analystes à déterminer la méthode qui convient le mieux à leurs applications spécifiques. Nous nous concentrons ici principalement sur la détermination de l'O2 dissous dans l'eau. Toutefois, le même principe s'applique à d'autres phases liquides, comme les boissons alcoolisées ou non.

Cette Application Note décrit une méthode de détermination des réactifs de décapage, du carbonate et de l'oxyde d'aluminium dans les bains de lixiviation de process Bayer usagés. Cette méthode repose sur les procédés développés par Watts-Utley et VanDalen-Ward.

La teneur totale en réactifs de décapage, carbonate de sodium et d'oxyde d'aluminium dans les bains de lixiviation de process (Bayer) peut être déterminée rapidement et avec grande précision à l'aide du 859 Titrotherm lors d'un titrage thermométrique acide-base. Un titrage complet dure environ 5 minutes.Le déroulement prend la forme d'une adaptation automatisée de la méthode traditionnelle de Watts-Utley et ressemble à la méthode de titrage thermométrique de VanDalen-Ward, avec toutefois l'avantage supplémentaire de pouvoir réaliser l'analyse également pour la teneur en carbonate du bain de lixiviation.

La mesure des ions peut s'effectuer de différentes manières, par exemple par la chromatographie ionique (CI), la spectrométrie d'émission optique à plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-OES) ou la spectroscopie d'absorption atomique (SAA). Chacune de ces méthodes est bien établie et communément utilisée dans les laboratoires d'analyse. Toutefois, les coûts initiaux sont relativement élevés. La mesure des ions à l'aide d'une électrode ionique spécifique (EIS) se révèle être, au contraire, une alternative prometteuse à ces techniques coûteuses. Ce livre blanc explique les difficultés que l'on peut rencontrer lors d'une application d'addition standard ou de la mesure directe, et la manière de les surmonter afin que les analystes acquièrent une plus grande confiance dans ce type d'analyse.

Dans les approvisionnements en eau des municipalités, une teneur élevée en oxygène dissous (OD) est souhaitable car elle améliore le goût de l'eau potable. Cependant, les niveaux élevés d'OD accélèrent également la corrosion dans les conduites d'eau. C'est pourquoi les industries utilisent de l'eau contenant le moins d'oxygène possible et ajoutent des épurateurs tels que le sulfite de sodium pour éliminer tout oxygène de l'approvisionnement en eau. Les conduites d'eau municipales sont normalement recouvertes à l'intérieur de polyphosphates pour protéger le métal du contact avec l'oxygène, ce qui permet des teneurs en OD plus élevées. Par conséquent, il est important de surveiller en ligne la teneur en OD d'un approvisionnement en eau afin d'évaluer sa teneur en OD pour améliorer le goût ou minimiser la corrosion des tuyaux. L'utilisation d'un capteur optique, tel que l'O-Lumitrode, permet une détermination rapide et fiable conformément à la norme ISO 17289.

Une manière d'optimiser l'efficacité du transfert thermique dans les centrales thermiques est de contrôler la chimie de l'eau dans le circuit de refroidissement. L'eau de refroidissement légèrement alcaline protège la couche d'oxyde dans les conduites métalliques. Toutefois, si l'eau de refroidissement est trop alcaline, la probabilité de la formation de dépôts augmente. Pour l'éviter, l'eau de refroidissement est tamponnée avec du carbonate (CO32-) et du bicarbonate (HCO3-). Si l'eau de refroidissement est titrée sur un pH de 4,5, on obtient l'alcalinité m (alcalinité au méthyl-orange ou TAC), donc une mesure de l'alcalinité totale. Avec un tel pH, il n'y a plus beaucoup d'alcalinité, seulement encore de l'acide libre (H+), de l'acide carbonique (H2CO3) et du CO2.

Measures to monitor or prevent corrosion are crucial in nuclear power plants, where significant risks to health and safety can occur if corrosion is left unchecked. Anions corrode metals under high temperature and pressure, therefore their concentrations must be monitored at all times. The analytical challenge in the primary circuit is detection of anions in the μg/L range alongside gram quantities of boric acid and lithium hydroxide. Precise, reliable trace analysis requires the method to be automated as much as possible. The 2060 IC Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics can measure several anions from a single injection, with combined Inline Preconcentration and Inline Matrix Elimination to measure low anion concentrations precisely and reliably time after time.

In power plants, corrosion is the greatest enemy. If corrosive impurities are present in the circuit streams (e.g., chlorides and hydroxides), deposition of an insulating layer of scale on the heat transfer surfaces occurs, resulting in costly and critical downtimes. To ensure high throughput of power plants, online analysis of critical parameters such as sodium is highly advantageous for safety, protection, and process optimization. With the 2035 Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics, operators gain the information they need to accurately identify trends, reduce downtimes, and address operational issues before costly problems arise.

Differentiation between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) is possible following ISO 24384 guidelines by combining ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Some studies suggest that consumption of the artificial sweetener, aspartame, is correlated with increased risk for brain and hematopoietic cancers, however, others find it to be a safe food additive. Consequently, the US and EU approve aspartame as a multi-purpose sweetener with an acceptable daily intake of 40 mg/kg body weight/day. However, the clear health hazard to individuals suffering from phenlyketonuria and ongoing criticism by health food advocates continues to fuel the challenge against aspartame’s widespread use in the food industry.Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), beverage products are screened for aspartame levels with no sample preparation beyond simple dilution of a consumer product.

Karl Fischer reagents contain buffer substances (usually imidazole) since the reaction constant is dependent on the pH value. A constant pH therefore ensures the most repeatable results. In 2015, imidazole was classified by European Union the as a CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic) substance and the statement H360D was added, stating possible harm to fertility or a fetus. Meanwhile, other reagents free of imidazole are available for purchase. This Application Note summarizes test measurements with 34433 HYDRANAL™ NEXTGEN Coulomat AG-FI.

De trop fortes concentrations en dioxyde de silicium dans l'eau de chaudière peuvent entraîner des dépôts sur les pales de turbine et doivent donc être évitées à ce titre. L'analyse du dioxyde de silicium est réalisée par photométrie différentielle et à l'aide d'un module de cuve thermostatique de la technologie de pointe sans contact sur le détecteur. Des concentrations typiques du dioxyde de silicium se situent autour de 0–50 ppb et 0–1 ppm ou supérieures.

This Process Application Note presents a method to closely monitor low levels of moisture in propylene oxide safely and reliably by using a single explosion-proof inline process analyzer.

This Process Application Note presents a method to accurately monitor low levels of moisture in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in «real-time» safely, reliably, and optimally with a 2060 The NIR Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics. Due to the hazardous and hygroscopic nature of THF, a single explosion-proof inline process analyzer is the preferred solution for industries to reduce chemical treatment, improve product quality, and increase profits.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quickly assesses key quality parameters in palm oil such as iodine value and fatty acid profile without sample preparation.

Potassium ferrocyanide (KFC) is an anti-caking compound added to table salt. Although this is a common non-toxic food additive, its spectroscopic response is representative of analogous cyanide compounds. Trace detection of other cyanides in food products is essential to the safety of consumers, as they can be toxic at oral consumption levels as low as 20 μg/g.This application demonstrates rapid trace analysis of potassium ferrocyanide in table salt with Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), in a simple assay format with minimal use of laboratory reagents.

Un dosage par chromatographie ionique (CI) avec détection par conductivité supprimée est le moyen normalisé de quantifier avec précision le phosphate dans les injections de préparations à base de phosphates.

L'indice de brome est un important paramètre de contrôle de la qualité dans la détermination des composés aliphatiques à double liaison C=C dans les hydrocarbures aromatiques ; il constitue à ce titre une mesure de la présence d'insaturation aliphatique dans ces matériaux. Le brome généré in situ réagit avec les doubles liaisons aliphatiques. Lorsque le titrage est terminé, un excès de brome libre provoque une modification soudaine du potentiel mesuré, marquant ainsi le point d'équivalence.

La taille de la molécule d'indigo rend difficile la teinture des fibres synthétiques. En revanche, les fibres de cellulose peuvent facilement absorber les molécules d'indigo grâce à leurs plus grands pores (dans le cas du coton par ex.). L'indigo étant insoluble dans l'eau, il faut donc le réduire dans un premier temps en leuco-indigo hydrosoluble dans un bain fortement alcalin contenant du sulfite de sodium. Pour obtenir de bons résultats à la teinture, le bain doit être bien aéré, et il faut aussi veiller à ce qu'il ne se produise aucun apport d'oxygène. Les étoffes doivent être oxydées entre les différentes immersions dans le bain de teinture afin de fixer l'indigo dans les pores des fibres. Pour des colorations plus intenses, plusieurs immersions sont nécessaires. Pour obtenir une coloration de haute qualité, de nombreux paramètres doivent être contrôlés et ajustés, de la valeur pH pour le bon dosage du NaOH aux concentrations en hydrosulfite et indigo, ainsi que la température du bain et son potentiel redox.

NIRS enables rapid, chemical-free analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Brix in fruit juices without sample prep, offering a fast alternative to traditional methods.

Brilliant Blue (BB) FCF, more commonly known as FD&C Blue #1, is the most commonly used blue dye worldwide for food and beverages. It is generally accepted as safe and non-toxic. Aside from foods labelled as organic or as free from artificial dyes, there is little objection to the use of BB at levels at or exceeding 100 μg/g in foods.This application for Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) is unique. The benefit is twofold — successful detection of a fluorescent dye, and a unique sample cleanup technique that permits detection of a target that does not exhibit a strong SERS signal and is present in a complex matrix. While Misa successfully detects BB in direct sampling, this application describes a simple extraction method that improves detectability of BB with Misa.

Les exploitations salmonicoles sont de plus en plus populaires. La forte croissance de la population augmente la demande en saumons, ce qui se répercute sur leur élevage. Dans les cages en pleine eau, ce sont de plus en plus de poissons qui vivent dans un espace très exigu. Du fait de la forte densité des poissons, des parasites, comme le poux de mer, peuvent proliférer rapidement. Une possibilité de pallier le problème des poux est d'utiliser des bains à faible concentration d'H2O2. Les saumons sont traités dans ces bains pendant environ 20 minutes jusqu'à ce que les poux de mer tombent et meurent. Le peroxyde d'hydrogène est certes rapidement dégradé, il n'en reste pas moins mortel pour le saumon à forte concentration. La concentration doit donc se situer dans les limites des spécifications pendant le traitement. Notre analyseur de process réalise chaque titrage en moins de deux minutes. Plusieurs déterminations de la concentration peuvent ainsi être menées à chaque traitement afin de toujours garantir un dosage correct.

L'Eco IC est un appareil d'entrée de gamme qui convient parfaitement à l'exploitation de routine et aux analyses de l'eau. Il est équipé d'un détecteur de conductivité et peut être utilisé avec ou sans suppression chimique. Cette Application Note décrit la détermination du taux d'anions avec la colonne Metrosep A Supp 17 - 250/4,0. Ce type de colonne est particulièrement bien adapté aux analyses de l'eau à température ambiante.

Metrohm’s MIRA XTR handheld Raman spectrometer enables fast, reagent-free identification of phosphate species, enabling continuous monitoring of dynamic systems.

Dans le cadre de la modernisation des monographies de l'USP, le potassium est déterminé par chromatographie cationique avec détection directe de la conductivité dans des comprimés effervescents de bicarbonate de potassium pour suspension orale. La séparation est réalisée sur une colonne Metrosep C 6 - 150/4,0 (L76). Les critères d'acceptation sont tous remplis sans exception. La monographie USP41 consacrée aux comprimés effervescents de bicarbonate de potassium pour suspension orale réalise le dosage du potassium par spectroscopie d'absorption atomique.

Par le procédé Solvay, de l'hydrogénocarbonate d'ammonium et du chlorure de sodium sont transformés en hydrogénocarbonate de sodium et chlorure d'ammonium. La calcination du premier donne du carbonate de sodium (soude), une importante matière première pour les industries de la savonnerie et du verre. L'ammoniac est un adjuvant presque entièrement régénéré par la réaction du chlorure d'ammonium avec le lait de chaux (Ca(OH)2).Un analyseur de processus Metrohm surveille la teneur en ammoniac dans la solution de chlorure de sodium saturée après la tour d'absorption pour garantir un bon rendement en produit dans la tour de carbonisation. D'autres paramètres pouvant être déterminés avec l'appareil d'analyse par le procédé Solvay sont l'alcalinité, le carbonate, le chlorure, l'oxyde de calcium et le dioxyde de carbone.

Auramine O (AO) is an industrial dye used for a broad range of manufactured products and as a fluorescent stain for detecting acid-fast bacteria in clinical specimens. Due to its intense yellow coloration, AO is also prized as an additive for enhancing the visual appeal of illicitly processed food products. Despite bans on AO as a food additive, surveillance testing indicates its persistent use as an adulterant in foods and spices.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) achieves the rapid and sensitive detection of AO in curry powder in a simple assay format.

Paraquat is a highly effective, yet exceptionally toxic herbicide used to manage weeds in agricultural operations. In recognition of paraquat’s danger, the EU and several other countries have banned its use for any application, though the US EPA permits its limited use by licensed applicators. Despite tight regulation, paraquat continues to be produced and is liberally used as an herbicide in over 100 countries without regulatory oversight.Testing for paraquat typically requires involved sample processing and analysis by trained chemists using expensive laboratory instruments such as HPLC, CE, and LC/MS. Misa achieves trace level detection of paraquat residue in tea leaves in a fully integrated, portable, smart system for easy on-site testing by non-technicians.

Dans le cadre de la modernisation des monographies de l'USP, le potassium et le sodium sont déterminés par chromatographie cationique avec détection directe de la conductivité dans des comprimés effervescents de bicarbonate et d'acide citrique pour suspension orale. La séparation est réalisée sur une colonne Metrosep C 6 - 150/4,0 (L76). Les critères d'acceptation sont tous remplis sans exception. La monographie USP41 consacrée aux comprimés effervescents de bicarbonate et d'acide citrique pour suspension orale réalise le dosage du potassium par photométrie de flamme.

Monitoring Sb(III) stabilizer levels during electroless Ni plating is critical for high-quality coatings. Anodic stripping voltammetry offers fast, reliable Sb(III) analysis.

Electroless Ni plating offers superior surface finish and corrosion resistance. Anodic stripping voltammetry allows Bi stabilizer to be monitored in Ni plating baths.

Le fluorure protège l'émail des dents et constitue un oligo-élément important des dentifrices. Une détermination rapide et précise est réalisée par addition standard à l'aide d'une électrode ionique spécifique au fluorure (F-EIS).

Le pétrole brut contient plusieurs pourcents en poids de composés sulfurés. Non seulement ils dégagent une mauvaise odeur, mais ils sont aussi nuisibles à l'environnement et corrosifs, ce qui explique pourquoi ils doivent être autant que possible éliminés au raffinage. L'appareil d'analyse 2045TI Ex proof Analyzer, avec son système flexible de prétraitement de l'échantillon, se retrouve dans des secteurs très différents du raffinage. Il contrôle d'une part la teneur en mercaptans et H2S selon les normes ASTM D3227 et UOP163 et permet, d'autre part, de déterminer entre autres la teneur en ammoniac, halogènes et phénol, ainsi que l'indice de bromure et ceux de saponification et d'acide. L'analyseur est conforme à la directive UE 94/9/CE (ATEX95) et est homologué pour les zones 1 et 2.

N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is crucial for lithium-ion battery production. Metrohm’s intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination enables µg/L-level anion analysis in NMP.

Electroless nickel plating ensures low-cost wear and corrosion resistance. Monitoring lead stabilizer levels in Ni plating baths is possible with the Bi drop electrode.

This Application Note offers an easy way to determine the ammonia content in cacao nibs by using ion measurement, applying the standard addition technique in a reliable cost- and time-saving manner.

L'industrie des produits chimiques de base est responsable de la production de milliers de matières premières à très grandes échelles. Les industries en aval s'appuient sur un certain niveau de pureté chimique pour fabriquer leurs propres produits, car certaines impuretés peuvent être la cause de problèmes majeurs dans divers procédés. Pendant la production de NaOH et KOH, des produits chimiques de base, l'électrolyse des saumures saturées avec des cellules à membrane élabore le produit qui sera par la suite concentré par évaporation. Les impuretés provenant des sels utilisés dans la saumure seront également concentrées. Généralement, l'analyse de ces impuretés est effectuée hors ligne à l'aide de différents produits chimiques dangereux aux durées de vie variées. Le Process Ion Chromatograph peut effectuer en ligne la mesure décrite par la norme ASTM E1787-16 garantissant par là même un produit de qualité sans avoir recours à de longues et dangereuses expériences en laboratoire.

Le monofluorophosphate de sodium à usage pharmaceutique doit être conforme aux exigences de l'USP. La monographie actuellement en vigueur (USP 42) met en œuvre trois méthodes différentes pour l'identification, l'impureté et l'analyse. La chromatographie ionique permet l'analyse de ces trois paramètres en une seule détermination. Dans le cadre de la modernisation de la monographie de l'USP, l'approche par chromatographie ionique permet même de simplifier ce type d'analyse.

Les comprimés de fluorure de sodium à usage pharmaceutique doivent être conformes aux exigences de l'USP. La monographie actuellement en vigueur (USP 42) met en œuvre deux méthodes différentes pour l'identification et l'analyse. La chromatographie ionique permet la détermination de ces deux paramètres en une seule analyse. Dans le cadre de la modernisation de la monographie de l'USP, l'approche par chromatographie ionique permet même de simplifier ce type d'analyse.

This Process Application Note presents a way to closely monitor multiple parameters simultaneously during the dioctyl terephthalate production process with near-infrared spectroscopy.

Les produits chimiques spécialisés doivent répondre à de multiples exigences de qualité. L'un de ces paramètres de qualité, que l'on retrouve dans presque tous les certificats d'analyse et spécifications, est la teneur en humidité. La méthode standard pour la détermination de la teneur en humidité est le titrage Karl Fischer. Cette méthode nécessite une préparation reproductible des échantillons, des produits chimiques et l'élimination des déchets. Il est également possible d'utiliser la spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge (NIR) pour déterminer la teneur en humidité. Avec cette technique, les échantillons peuvent être analysés sans aucune préparation et sans utiliser de produits chimiques.

Le procédé Bayer produit de l'alumine de haute pureté à partir de la bauxite transformée en aluminium par électrolyse ignée. La bauxite finement broyée est désagrégée à haute température avec de l'oxyde de calcium et de la soude caustique. Dans la solution alcaline, l'oxyde de calcium réagit avec le dioxyde de carbone de l'air pour former du carbonate de calcium. Celui-ci ainsi que d'autres impuretés contenues dans la liqueur de Bayer amoindrissent le rendement en aluminium, et c'est pourquoi il est si important de contrôler la composition de la liqueur, d'autant plus que cette liqueur est recyclée après filtration de l'alumine. Pour ce faire, il faut connaître les concentrations en hydroxyle, carbonate et alumine de la liqueur. Ces paramètres peuvent être aisément déterminés à l'aide du 2035 Process Analyzer et du titrage thermométrique.

Carbendazim (MBC) is a common fungicide approved for regulated use in agriculture globally, outside of the EU. Most MBC is found on fruits as surface contamination, the result of sprays applied prior to harvest. The US EPA has determined that a concentrations below 80 μg/mL in orange juice are not a health risk, while the EU restricts MBC levels to 10 ng/g (from imported produce) in foods intended for baby food production.This Application Note describes a very simple test for surface MBC and provides library spectra demonstrating the sensitive detection of MBC with Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer).

Research laboratories must expand their capabilities to routinely analyze candidate microplastics from environmental samples to determine their origin and help predict biological impacts. Spectroscopic techniques are well suited to polymer identification. Laboratory Raman spectroscopy is an alternative to confocal Raman microscopes and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopes for quick identification of polymer materials. Raman microscopy was used to identify very small microplastic particles in this Application Note.

Rhodamine B is a dye utilized extensively in biotechnology and industrial applications and is one of several colorants banned for use as food additives in Europe and North America. The most common analytical methods for detection of illicit dyes in food products, GC/MS and HPLC, are laboratory-based instrumental methods that require specialized training.With Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), detection of trace amounts of Rhodamine B in ground cayenne pepper is quick and easy after a facile extraction procedure with minimal material consumption. Rhodamine B can be detected in cayenne powder at a concentrations as low as 10 µg/g.

Metanil yellow (MY) is an azo dye used in the manufacture of external-use products such as textiles; however, it is prohibited from use as a food additive in many countries. Toxicology studies demonstrate that ingestion of MY results in significant neurological and multi-organ damage. Despite these hazards, MY is commonly used as an illicit colorant for enhancing the visual appeal of spices and legumes, most notably turmeric. Ideal tests for such food adulterants feature methods that are selective and sensitive, yet portable and convenient.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) achieves rapid and accurate detection of MY in a facile assay format.

L'AOF (fluor organique adsorbable) est utilisé pour rechercher les substances alkylées per- et polyfluorées dans les matrices aqueuses par combustion pyrohydrolytique et chromatographie ionique.

Adulteration in the food industry is a significant concern due to potential health risks and changes in product quality and nutrition. Detecting such adulteration is challenging, however, to ensure high-quality products, precise measurements during the manufacturing process are essential for identifying any contamination in raw materials and final products. This Process Application Note details the inline analysis of potato starch in the wheat flour manufacturing process with a 2060 The NIR Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

Erythrosine B (EB), also known as Red Dye #3, is a synthetic dye approved for use in candy in the US, and in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics in the EU and elsewhere. However, rodent studies suggest that ingestion of EB can promote thyroid tumor formation. EB may also be implicated as a dietary factor contributing to hyperkinesis in children. WHO recommends a daily intake of EB less than 0.1 mg/kg of body weight.The ability to obtain fast results with a portable test platform recommends Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) as a competitive and cost-effective alternative to laboratory technologies (e.g., CE, HPLC) currently employed for detecting EB in foodstuffs.

Les produits pharmaceutiques anti-cavité comme le fluorure de sodium et les solutions topiques de phosphate acidulé nécessitent un contrôle de qualité strict. Cette note d'application décrit le dosage de la CI du fluorure tel qu'il est décrit dans la monographie USP Sodium Fluoride and Acidulated Phosphate Topical Solution.

Nitrosamine formation can be avoided by controlling the nitrite concentration in pharmaceutical products and processes. To monitor nitrosamine formation, sensitive analytical methods such as ion chromatography for the determination of nitrite in pharmaceutical products and substances are essential.

Cette Application Note décrit la détermination du carbonate par chromatographie ionique dans une solution d'hydroxyde de sodium à 50 %. Par l'absorption de dioxyde de carbone de l'air ambiant, les solutions d'hydroxyde de sodium forment du carbonate. La teneur en carbonate d'une solution NaOH est déterminée au moyen de la chromatographie par exclusion ionique suivie d'une détection de conductivité après suppression inversée. Les échantillons sont dilués au 1:20 avant l'analyse et conservés dans des récipients d’échantillon fermés afin d'éviter l'absorption de CO2.

Permanganate absorption number (PAN) analysis per ISO 8660 ensures caprolactam purity, a precursor of Nylon 6. This application describes real-time, continuous PAN monitoring.

Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a broad-spectrum pesticide used both as a fungicide in fruits and vegetables and for controlling parasites in animal feed. To ensure consumer safety, regulatory agencies establish maximum residue levels (MRL) for pesticide-treated crops based on their review of risk assessment studies. For bananas, which are either aerially sprayed or dipped in protectant solutions of TBZ, the US FDA reports a MRL of 3 μg/g, and the EU stipulates a MRL of 6 μg/g by weight.With Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), the rapid and sensitive detection of TBZ on bananas is demonstrated in formats easily adapted for food safety surveillance testing.

The content of organic matter, limestone, silt, clay, and sand, along with pH value and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil can be determined in seconds with NIRS.

Fenthion is a multi-purpose insecticide used in many countries for mosquito control. To minimize human exposure and the unintentional poisoning of wildlife, the US EPA has classified fenthion as a restricted-use insecticide. However, the widespread spraying of olive orchards in Mediterranean countries results in olive oils that occasionally exceed the maximum residue limits established for olives.Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) easily achieves sensitive trace detection of fenthion in spiked olive oil after a simple organic solvent extraction. This Application Note presents an excellent example of how the signal from SERS substrates can compete with the target signal at very low levels of detection.

Le gel de fluorure de sodium à usage pharmaceutique doit être conforme aux exigences de l'USP. La monographie actuellement en vigueur (USP 42) met en œuvre deux méthodes différentes pour l'identification et le dosage. La chromatographie ionique permet l'analyse de ces deux paramètres en une seule détermination. Dans le cadre de la modernisation de la monographie de l'USP, l'approche par chromatographie ionique permet même de simplifier ce type d'analyse.

Portable Raman is used to quantify trigonelline, an alkaloid that contributes to the health benefits of some foods. A simple method to quantify the presence of diluted trigonelline in solutions using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is described. Portable Raman is a tool that could be used in quality control of food items such as coffee and quinoa.

Potassium citrate and citric acid oral solutions act as systemic alkalizers. Potassium assays, validated per USP <621> and <1225>, use IC with L76 cation-exchange columns.

The assay of calcium acetate, often used as a phosphate binder for dialysis patients, can be performed with ion chromatography (IC) as per USP <621> and <1225>.

Calcium carbonate has a wide applicability in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient and also as an active ingredient, and in the food industry as a major dietary supplement. The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) monographs for calcium and magnesium carbonates tablets as well as calcium carbonate and magnesia chewable tablets currently describe manual titration as the assay procedure for calcium and magnesium. The USP has embarked on a global initiative to modernize many of the existing monographs across all compendia. In response to this initiative, two alternative analytical methods were developed to determine the analytes calcium and magnesium. This Application Note presents ion chromatography (IC) procedures using conductivity detection that provide better accuracy and specificity and are suitable for the intended purpose. These validated IC methods (according to USP General Chapter <1225>) offer a significant improvement to the existing assays because they can simultaneously determine both analytes calcium and magnesium, saving both time and effort.

Carbon capture systems strip carbon dioxide from flue gases. Online analysis of amines and carbon dioxide enhances amine usage efficiency and reduces operational costs.

La chromatographie ionique de combustion (CIC) mesure les AOX (halogènes organiques adsorbables, c'est-à-dire AOCl, AOBr, AOI) et les AOF ainsi que les CIC AOX(Cl) conformément à la norme DIN 38409-59 et à la norme ISO 18127.

This document outlines complexometric and potentiometric determination of metal ions via EDTA titration using a copper-selective electrode (Cu-ISE) with a durable epoxy shaft and crystal membrane. Because the electrode is insensitive to complexing agents, a preformed Cu–metal complex must be introduced into the sample prior to analysis. The method, applicable to direct or back-titration, exploits EDTA–metal formation constants to define equivalence points and enables quantification in several different matrices.

Gold leaching by cyanidation requires precise monitoring of cyanide and gold. Online process analyzers perform such measurements, improving safety and compliance.

Cette note d'application de procédé décrit une méthode permettant de déterminer la concentration de strontium et de baryum dans la saumure en tant que détecteurs précoces de l'encrassement des membranes par chromatographie ionique de procédé en ligne. L'utilisation de cette technique d'analyse multiparamétrique permet de réduire le risque d'encrassement prématuré des membranes et d'éviter une maintenance imprévue et des coûts d'utilisation élevés grâce à une analyse automatisée 24 heures sur 24 et 7 jours sur 7.

This document explains how to measure Na ion concentration in diverse matrices with a sodium ion-selective electrode (Na-ISE) using direct measurement and standard addition.

This document outlines Rancimat testing for both liquid and solid food samples, including direct and PEG methods, for oxidation stability QC in the food industry.

This Application Note explains manual and automated iR drop correction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cautions against using less accurate methods.

Many electrochemical methods have been developed but are traditionally limited to aqueous media. Raman spectroelectrochemistry in organic solutions is an interesting alternative, but developing new EC-SERS procedures is still required. This Application Note demonstrates that the electrochemical activation of gold and silver electrodes enables the detection of dyes and pesticides in organic media.

Monitoring the range of organic acids in wine is crucial to improve flavor and quality, and to fulfill universal standardized criteria such as the International Code of Oenological Practices. Analytically, organic acids can be properly determined with ion chromatography (IC) and suppressed conductivity detection. As a multicomponent method, inorganic acids can also be resolved which are also valuable tracers for wine quality and taste. This Application Note presents two IC methods for wine quality analysis: a fast isocratic screening method of major organic acids and anions including sulfite, and a complex monitoring method with a binary gradient to separate 15 organic acids. Inline Ultrafiltration was used for economical sample treatment.

Iodide contamination in glacial acetic acid poses risks for downstream processes. Cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) at the HMDE offers reliable iodide measurement.

This polarographic method uses the Multi-Mode Electrode Pro for simultaneous detection of carbonyl impurities in alcohols, ensuring high product quality and stability.

It is crucial to monitor iodide in NaCl brine to prevent membrane fouling during chlor-alkali electrolysis. Stripping voltammetry offers precise iodide analysis.

The Rancimat method determines the oxidation stability (OSI) and antioxidant capacity (SI) of solid foods. OSI measurements are performed directly, with extracted isolated fat, or via the polyethylene glycol method. SI can be determined when the sample is mixed with a reference of antioxidant-free fat.

Nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and acetic acid are easily determined in etching baths using thermometric titration (TET). Compared to potentiometric titration, TET is faster and more convenient. Analysis is complete in less than two minutes.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally considered detrimental to wine quality, especially if introduced after fermentation, storage, or bottling. The presence of oxygen after primary fermentation and during the later stages of winemaking can enhance browning reactions, chemical and microbiological instability, and the formation of off-flavors such as acetaldehyde. Knowing the DO content in wine is important through the entire wine production process, because oxidation is a common fault in bottled wines. With the 913 pH/DO meter and the 914 pH/DO/Conductometer, the oxygen content of wine can be determined quickly and easily directly on site.

This Application Note demonstrates how the OMNIS NIR Analyzer Solid quickly determines the cotton content in various textile products within just 30 seconds.

Worldwide, milk and dairy products are vital sources for human nutrition. A major component and energy source in dairy products is lactose. To efficiently metabolize lactose, the enzyme lactase is indispensable. However, globally nearly 70% of the population is lactose intolerant and they have difficulties to digest lactose. Lactose malabsorption leads to numerous gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms and other complaints with varying extents. Therefore, consumers rely on accurate food labels and for manufacturers appropriate sensitive analytical techniques are a must to comply with these demands. Ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD) enables the determination of very low lactose contents. Validation according to AOAC requirements shows the high sensitivity and reliability of this method as a routine analysis.

Electrochemical Raman (EC-Raman) spectroscopy enhances comprehension of energy storage devices by tracking physicochemical changes. This note details EC-Raman findings during nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery charge and discharge simulations.

Dissolved oxygen (DO), incorporated into juices during processing, affects quality parameters of the beverage during storage such as Vitamin C concentration, color, and aroma. Various oxygen removal methods are used during juice production, such as vacuum-deaeration or gas sparging to increase product quality and extend shelf life. However, these methods have the drawback that the aroma might be affected since the volatile compounds are also removed. By assessing the DO content in fruit juices, manufacturers can improve the overall product quality. This application note describes a fast and accurate determination of dissolved oxygen in juices by using an optical sensor.

In the food industry, it is essential to determine and monitor certain quality parameters to guarantee consistency. This is especially important for liquid dairy products, which are subject to a strict cold chain. Both the dissolved oxygen (DO) and the pH value have proven to be reliable quality criteria. Oxygen shortens the shelf life and influences the product quality (e.g., nutritional value, color, and flavor). The DO content depends on the salinity in the sample, which is automatically calculated and corrected by the 914 pH/DO/Conductometer during the parallel conductivity measurement. Acidity is another important characteristic to measure that can be checked easily using the pH value. With the 914 pH/DO/Conductometer, all important quality criteria can be monitored with one device.

Corn starch serves as a gelling and thickening agent in the confectionary industry. It is also an ideal reusable molding and drying medium for starch-molded candies, where its moisture content is critical to monitor. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a rapid, reagent-free method to determine moisture and protein content in corn starch. The technique is straightforward to operate and suitable for atline monitoring or routine quality control laboratories.

This Application Note describes the determination of the oxidation stability of different sausages with the recommended method from Metrohm using an 892 Professional Rancimat.

La méthode de titrage en deux phases Epton permet de déterminer avec précision et fiabilité les tensioactifs ioniques à l'aide d'un système OMNIS, comme le montre cette étude.

NIR spectroscopy measures ice cream quality parameters like total solids, fat content, lactose, protein percentage, sucrose content, and calories in seconds.

Thiram is used extensively as a fungicide and parasiticide to prevent disease in crops and as an animal repellent to protect trees and ornamental plants. However, extensive toxicological studies conclude that chronic, high-level exposure can cause considerable organ damage to land and aquatic species. The US defines maximum residue limits that vary for different food crops. In contrast, the EU recently banned thiram and is moving to use pesticides that carry reduced health risks.Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), low level detection of thiram on apples is achieved with guided workflows adapted for use by diverse testers.

La chromatographie ionique (IC) fournit une solution automatisée, rapide et sensible pour quantifier avec précision les composants cationiques et anioniques, y compris l'acétate, simultanément. Cette approche globale fait de l’IC une alternative économique aux techniques traditionnelles de contrôle qualité des solutions pharmaceutiques comme les concentrés d’hémodialyse. La facilité d'utilisation, la précision et le débit élevé des circuits intégrés augmentent la productivité et répondent aux exigences des laboratoires de routine et de recherche modernes.

Here, the most common circuit elements for EIS are introduced which may be assembled in different configurations to obtain equivalent circuits used for data analysis.

Polyols are widely used as polyurethane feedstocks, where tight quality control of parameters such as hydroxyl value, acid number, moisture, and viscosity is essential. Conventional titration methods are standardized but slow and costly due to hazardous chemicals and waste handling. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), recognized by ASTM for hydroxyl value determination, enables rapid, reagent-free, multiparameter analysis of polyols with significantly lower operating costs.

This Application Note describes the determination of the oxidation stability of the fat in different sausages extracted with cold petroleum ether using an 892 Professional Rancimat.

Pyrimethanil is a broad-spectrum fungicide. As grapevines are susceptible to fungal pathogens, large-scale viticulture operations apply pyrimethanil as part of a mixed treatment. Although chemical analysis of wines post-fermentation finds low to undetectable amounts of residue, pyrimethanil is a suspected human carcinogen. The US FDA and EU have therefore established a maximum permissible level of 5 μg/mL pyrimethanil in finished wine products.In this application, trace detection of pyrimethanil in wine with Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) requires few laboratory supplies and minimal sample processing, yet returns rapid results.

Malathion is an insecticide widely used on a broad spectrum of plant species. Several studies have implicated chronic exposure to malathion in the development of certain cancers. Maximum residue limits for malathion have been enacted by the regulatory agencies of several countries: the US Food and Drug Administration sets maximum residue limits at 8 μg/g in foods, while the EU has a considerably more stringent limit of 20 ng/g.SERS is an accepted method for detection of malathion on fruit and vegetable surfaces. Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer), which requires minimal laboratory chemicals and consumables and provides an extremely user-friendly interface, is an excellent SERS solution for trace detection of food adulterants.

The standardization of the cationic surfactant TEGOtrant is performed using potentiometric titration as well as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in this application.

Methanol, often present in spirits prepared with industrial solvents like wood alcohol, can lead to blindness and even death when ingested. After an incident involving methanol-laced alcohol in the Czech Republic, they adopted Raman spectroscopy as the preferred method for identifying and quantifying methanol in contaminated spirits, following an exhaustive study using various screening tools. This Application Note discusses the reasons why Raman spectroscopy is the ideal choice for this application and shows a real-world example of Raman analysis of methanol-laced rum.