- AN-T-234Direct comparison of OMNIS and Titrando for mixed acids and TMAH
This Application Note compares the OMNIS Titrator and 888 Titrando for determinations of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and acetic acid in an aluminum etching bath, as well as the determination of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). Identical analysis parameters were used, showing that OMNIS delivers results on par or even better than with other established titration systems.
- AN-T-136Epoxide equivalents in epoxy resin
The epoxy content of epoxy resins has a strong influence on the reactivity of the resins as well as on the properties of the coating obtained from the resin curing process. The epoxy content is thus an important quality control parameter for manufacturers as well as consumers. This analysis is based on the reaction of hydrogen bromide with the epoxy groups of the sample. Hydrogen bromide in turn is produced by the reaction of tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) with standardized perchloric acid. The standards EN ISO 3001 and ASTM D1652 describe the determination of the epoxy content expressed as epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) by titration. The use of a Titrando and Solvotrode easyClean instead of manual titration greatly increases the reproducibility and repeatability of the determination.
- 8.000.6024Fully automated sample preparation for the content determination of tablets
Benzbromaron is one of the main uricosuric drugs currently used. In addition to sophisticated and expensive LC-MS and GC-MS methods, benzbromaron can be effectively determined by titration with sodium hydroxide solution using a straightforward, fully automated sample preparation method. A high-frequency homogenizer comminutes one or three tablets within 90 or 120 s respectively. The overall analysis time is 8 minutes. Ten-fold determinations with one and three tablets resulted in a benzbromaron content of 99.2 and 98.7 mg per tablet respectively. Increasing the number of tablets from one to three lowers the RSD from 1.36 to 0.88%. These results show an excellent agreement with the benzbromaron content indicated by the manufacturer (approx. 100 mg/tablet).Besides the presented Titrando/homogenizer combination, the other two members of the 815 Robotic Soliprep Sample Processor family offer comprehensive sample preparation possibilities within the fields of IC, HPLC, ICP or voltammetry.
- AN-T-195Determination of nitrogen content
Kjeldahl method is used to determine the nitrogen content in organic and inorganic samples. Kjeldahl consists of three steps: digestion, distillation, and titration. During the catalytic digestion step, organic nitrogen is converted into ammonium. Sodium hydroxide is added just before the distillation step for converting ammonium into ammonia. Through steam distillation the latter is transferred into the receiver vessel containing an absorbing agent (e.g., boric acid). Finally, the separated ammonia is titrated against sulfuric acid. Protein content in samples can also be determined from the nitrogen content obtained by Kjeldahl setup. USP describes the titration method to determine nitrogen content in organic products using Kjeldahl nitrogen setup. This Application Note illustrates nitrogen determination in heparin sodium.
- AN-T-055Determination of Lauryl Sulfate
Due to its price and wide availability, the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS; SDS) can be found in many detergents as an emulsifier or as a fat solvent e.g., in cleaning or cosmetic products. To avoid causing severe dry skin and hair, and thus skin irritation, regulations in many countries have restricted the sodium lauryl sulfate concentration in ready-to-use products to a range between 0.05–2.5% SLS. To control the concentration of SLS in different products, a titration is carried out with TEGO® trant A100 and the Optrode. The evaluation is done automatically by means of a software, leading to reliable and reproducible results.
- AN-T-132Titratable acidity in milk and yogurt
The titratable acidity gives an indication of the freshness of milk and yogurt as well as other fermented milk products. The determined titratable acidity in milk is mainly given through the absorption of hydroxyl ions by milk proteins and milk salts. The acidity increases with bacterial acidification and with enzymatic lipolysis. The titratable acidity corresponds to the amount of sodium hydroxide required to titrate 100 g sample to a pH value of 8.30.In this Application Note, an easy and accurate method to determine the titratable acidity in milk according to DIN 10316 and in yogurt according to ISO/TS 11869 and IDF/RM 150 is demonstrated.
- AN-T-167Isocyanate content of polyurethane raw materials
Polyurethane (PU) is a class of very important polymers due to its flexibility and insulating properties. It is used in various industries such as the automobile industry, in building construction, as well as in the production of synthetic fibers. PU is mostly produced via a chemical reaction between polyisocyanates and polyols.The isocyanate (NCO) content in the raw material is crucial to control its properties. This Application Note shows an easy and straightforward way to determine the NCO content in polyurethane raw materials using a fully automated titration system from Metrohm.
- AN-T-131Calcium, magnesium, and total hardness in water
Water hardness is often determined photometrically using two different indicators and while performing the determination at two different pH values. Additionally, the determination itself is subjective, as the color change is determined by the analyst and not by an analytical device.This application note introduces a more robust option to easily assess calcium, magnesium, and total hardness in water by using the Cu-ISE and two different titrants. Sample preparation is identical for both analyses and can therefore be automated without any issues.
- AN-T-188Iron content in iron ore
The total iron content in iron ore plays a central economic role for mining companies. The higher the iron content in the ore, the more profitable the mining operation. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis is important to determine the most profitable areas to work.The iron ore is dissolved in hydrochloric acid at 80 °C. Afterwards, the iron is quickly and accurately determined by potentiometric titration using the Pt-ring electrode and potassium dichromate as titrant.
- AN-RS-048Phosphates speciation with Raman spectroscopy
Metrohm’s MIRA XTR handheld Raman spectrometer enables fast, reagent-free identification of phosphate species, enabling continuous monitoring of dynamic systems.
- AN-K-074Water content in crude oil determined with Karl Fischer titration
To determine water in crude oil, ASTM D4928 recommends coulometric Karl Fischer titration with the oven method, allowing full automation for high reproducibility.
- AN-T-086Vitamin C in orange juice
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or L-ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissues and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters. It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and immune performance, and is also an important antioxidant. This nutrient is found in many foods and is often used as a dietary supplement.This Application Note describes the photometric determination of ascorbic acid according to the standard ISO 6557-2. To increase the objectivity on the determined equivalence point and the reproducibility of the results, an autotitrator equipped with a photometric sensor, the Optrode, is used. The titrant 2,6-Dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP or DPIP) simultaneously serves as titrant and indicator.
- AN-T-100Chloride in acidic copper baths
Acid copper baths are mainly used for the copper deposition on semiconductor wafers. Small amounts of chloride increase the speed of deposition and reduce anode polarization. However, higher concentrations are undesired, as this will decrease the quality of the copper deposition. Therefore, it is quite important to monitor the amount of chloride to have an effective, yet high-quality copper deposition process.In this Application Note, a fully automated solution based on titration is presented. In comparison to ion chromatography, titration offers the benefit that no dilution of the sample is necessary, and the hardware is comparatively low-priced. Furthermore, the fully automated solution allows users to minimize handling errors, to reduce workloads, and to guarantee outstanding reproducibility.
- AN-T-181Lithium in brine
Lithium is a soft metal which is used for many applications, such as production of high-temperature lubricants or heat-resistant glass. Furthermore, lithium is used in large quantities in for battery production. It is obtained from brines and high-grade lithium ores. Depending on the lithium concentration, extraction may or may not be economically viable.This Application Note demonstrates a method to determine the lithium concentration in brines by potentiometric titration. Lithium and fluoride precipitate in ethanol as insoluble lithium fluoride. Using ammonium fluoride as the titrant and a fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), determination via potentiometric titration is possible. This method is more reliable, faster, and less expensive than the determination of lithium in brine by other more sophisticated techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
- AN-T-175Nicotine content in tobacco
Nicotine is a nitrogenous alkaloid that is hazardous to health and is characterized by a very high potential for addiction. The nicotine content in tobacco products must be determined and specified precisely. This Application Note exhibits an easy and straightforward method for nicotine determination in tobacco by non-aqueous titration.Results determined by GC and IC are given as a comparison. In comparison to chromatographic methods, titration is an «absolute method», meaning it is not necessary to calibrate the system prior to the analyses.
- AN-T-196Assay of Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or L-ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissues and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters. It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and immune performance, and is also an important antioxidant. This nutrient is found in many foods and is often used as a dietary supplement.USP general chapter <580> describes a titration technique to determine the assay of Vitamin C as ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate dehydrate, or their mixture in finished dosage forms as capsules, tablets, and oral suspensions. This Application Note demonstrates the Vitamin C determination in water-soluble vitamin tablets. The methodology can also be applied for oil-soluble vitamin or mineral tablets, as well as oil- and water-soluble vitamin or mineral capsules.
- AN-T-208Nicotine in e-liquids
The vaping and electronic cigarette industries have grown impressively in the past decade. The mixtures used in these products are usually called «e-liquid», «e-fluid», or «e-juice». To ensure the quality of these e-liquids, testing the most important quality parameters, such as nicotine content, is required. Nicotine in tobacco is usually determined by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography. Aqueous acid base titration is a much more affordable alternative for this determination. As e-liquids do not contain other components which might interfere with the titration, the aqueous acid base titration presented in this Application Note can be applied for nicotine determination. This method is an affordable and reliable way to determine the nicotine content in e-liquids and their nicotine starting material, ensuring the quality of these products.
- AN-K-070Water in petroleum products
Moisture in petroleum products causes several issues: corrosion and wear in pipelines and storage tanks, an increase in debris load resulting in diminished lubrication, blocked filters, or even harmful bacterial growth. As a result, increased water content can lead to infrastructure damage, higher maintenance costs, or even unwanted downtimes.Coulometric Karl Fischer titration is the method of choice for low water content in petroleum products. Using a Karl Fischer oven to vaporize the water present in the sample prior to titration not only greatly reduces matrix interferences, it can also be fully automated. This allows a reliable and cost-efficient analysis of the water content according to ASTM D6304 (Procedure B) in products such as diesel, hydraulic oil, lubricant, additive, turbine oil, and base oil.
- AN-I-034Investigation of nucleation processes with automated titrators
This Application Note covers the formation of calcium carbonate from solution.
- AN-T-090Determination of zinc sulfate
This Application Note describes the photometric determination of zinc sulfate using the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm. Complexometric titration of zinc requires EDTA as titrant and Eriochrome Black T as indicator. The method fully complies with Ph. Eur. and USP.
- AN-K-076Vinylene carbonate water determination via coulometric Karl Fischer titration
Vinylene carbonate is a widely used lithium-ion battery electrolyte additive that requires strict moisture control to maintain battery performance and lifetime. Accurate moisture quantification was historically limited by side reactions, complicating the analysis. The introduction of alcohol-free coulometric Karl Fischer reagents now enables precise, reproducible moisture determination, facilitating more reliable control of additive and electrolyte quality during manufacturing.
- AN-T-102Standardization of hydrochloric acid with TRIS
Titrants are normally bought ready to use. However, it is necessary to determine the accurate concentration of your titrant solution on a regular basis using a primary standard. To correct the mentioned variation, a so-called «titer factor» is applied. The titer can be easily and quickly assessed by using the Metrohm brand of autotitrators. Predefined calculation formulas implemented in Metrohm titrators or software, respectively, as well as the automatic storage of the titer factor, makes standardization a simple task.
- AN-K-075Moisture analysis of rebaudioside M by Karl Fischer titration
The increasing popularity of steviol glycosides as low-calorie sweeteners requires standardized analytical methodologies for reliable quality and stability assessment. Moisture content is a critical determinant of rebaudioside M shelf life, and its quantification via oven-based sample preparation coupled with volumetric Karl Fischer titration provides a precise and reproducible approach. Integration with automated systems such as the 874 Oven Sample Processor further enhances analytical throughput and operational efficiency.
- AN-T-074Conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, and hardness in tap water
In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), the pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and Ca/Mg content (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2). Additionally, the system transfers the required sample volume into an external titration vessel for the analysis, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.
- AN-T-075Conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, and chloride in tap water
In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), and chloride content (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into an external titration vessel, further reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be calibrated automatically and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.
- AN-T-076Conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, hardness, and chloride in tap water
In this application note, a fully automated system is presented which allows the determination of several parameters according to various standards within one analysis. These include conductivity (ISO 7888, EN 27888, ASTM D1125, EPA 120.1), pH value (EN ISO 10523, ASTM D1293, EPA 150.1), alkalinity (EN ISO 9963, ASTM D1067, EPA 310.1), Ca/Mg (ISO 6059, ASTM D1126, EPA 130.2), and chloride (ISO 9297, ASTM D512, EPA 325.3). Additionally the system transfers the required volume of sample into external titration vessels for the different analyses, reducing manual sample preparation. Furthermore, all sensors can be automatically calibrated and the titer of each titrant can also be determined.
- AN-RS-053Estimation of amine value in epoxies with Raman spectroscopy
Compared to potentiometric titration, Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, accurate, and reliable secondary method for estimating the amine value (AV) of epoxy hardeners.
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