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The water content of tablets determines the release of their active ingredients as well as their chemical, physical, microbial and shelf-life properties. Accordingly, the water content is of crucial importance and has to be accurately determined. This paper describes the straightforward determination of the water content using automated volumetric Karl Fischer titration (KFT). Tedious sample preparation steps are eliminated by using a high-frequency homogenizer that additionally serves as a stirrer. Prior to titration, the homogenizer comminutes the tablets directly in the KF solution. As the comminution process takes place directly in the hermetically sealed titration vessels, interference from atmospheric humidity does not occur. Even after 24 h in the vessels, the moisture content of four different tablet type samples was within 93…108% of the initially determined values. With a coefficient of determination of 0.99993 the KF method is highly linear for water amounts between 4 and 215 mg. For all investigated tablet types, KFT provides results that lie within the range expected by the manufacturer.

For a variety of reasons, the water content of chocolate is of crucial importance and has to be accurately determined. This poster compares an automated version of the Karl Fischer titration (KFT) using the sequential addition of various solvents with the widespread manual titration at elevated temperatures using a chloroform/methanol mixture. The water contents determined by the two procedures show excellent agreement. However, manual titration requires laborintensive sample preparation, the side reactions are difficult to quantify and hazardous halogenated solvents have to be used. In contrast, automated KFT is straightforward, uses non-hazardous solvents, allows to quantify the side reactions and is easily applicable to water determinations in sugar- and fat-containing matrices.

The presence of excessive water in plastics adversely affects the performance of polymeric goods which is why water determination is of crucial importance. This article describes the accurate and straightforward determination of the water content using the Karl Fischer Oven Method in ten different plastic types that are not amenable to direct Karl Fischer titration. The experiments revealed that besides the determination of the oven temperature, sample preparation is one of the most important steps of the analysis, especially in case of hygroscopic plastic samples.

This poster describes the water determination in different biodiesel samples via direct coulometric titration, the Karl Fischer oven method and an automated KF pipetting system.

The poster describes the water determination in pharmaceuticals using the Karl Fischer oven technique.

The poster describes the development of an automated Karl Fischer method for determining the water content in different edible oils.

This poster describes a method for automated and precise dosing of liquid samples into the Karl Fischer titration cell using Metrohm Dosino liquid handling technology. First, the titer was automatically determined with ultrapure water. The same dosing procedure proved valuable for the automated water determination in highly viscous water-glycol fluids and low-boiling organic solvents such as n-pentane. Lastly, the method copes with the labor-intensive and human error-prone suitability test stipulated in chapter 2.5.12 in the European Pharmacopoeia.

Moisture in cannabis impacts potency and must be accurately determined. Loss on drying (LOD) is the most popular method for determining moisture in cannabis. Unfortunately, this technique is not specific to moisture and the loss of any volatile components, such as terpenes, will be incorrectly classified as moisture. Karl Fischer (KF) titration is the only chemically specific test for moisture. This poster describes the instrument used to determine moisture content by Karl Fischer titration and compares the results of this data to loss on drying.

The quality of egg-based pasta is primarily determined by its egg content. Also of importance, however, is the water content, which influences the storage life of the product, as well as the degree of acidity which, in the case of high values, indicates undesirable acidification during processing or drying. A check of the chloride content shows whether salt has been added to the pasta.

This Application Bulletin gives an overview of the volumetric water content determination according to Karl Fischer. Amongst others, it describes the handling of electrodes, samples, and water standards. The described procedures and parameters comply with the ASTM E203.

This Application Bulletin gives an overview of the coulometric water content determination according to Karl Fischer.Amongst others, it describes the handling of electrodes, samples, and water standards. The described procedures and parameters comply with the ASTM E1064.

As the determination of the exact content of individual glycerides in fats and oils is difficult and time-consuming, several fat sum parameters or fat indices are used for the characterization and quality control of fats and oils. Fats and oils are not only essential for cooking, they are also an important ingredient in pharmaceuticals and personal care products, such as ointments and creams. Consequently, several norms and standards describe the determination of the most important quality control parameters. This Application Bulletin describes eight important analytical methods for the following fat parameters in edible oils and fats:Determination of water content in accordance with the Karl Fischer method; Oxidation stability in accordance with the Rancimat method; Iodine value; Peroxide value; Saponification value; Acid value, free fatty acids (FFA); Hydroxyl number; Traces of nickel using polarography; Special care is taken to avoid chlorinated solvents in these methods. Also, as many of the mentioned methods as possible are automated.

This Application Bulletin describes the determination of water in non-explosive and non-flammable gaseous samples using the coulometric Karl Fischer method. This method is ideal for very low water contents.

Only coulometric Karl Fischer titration can determine low water contents with sufficient accuracy.This Application Bulletin describes the direct determination according to ASTM D6304, ASTM E1064, ASTM D1533, ASTM D3401, ASTM D4928, EN IEC 60814, EN ISO 12937, ISO 10337, DIN 51777, and GB/T 11146. The oven technique is described according to ASTM D6304, EN IEC 60814, and DIN 51777.

Generally speaking, the gas extraction or oven method can be used for all samples which release their water when they are heated up. The oven method is indispensable in cases in which the direct volumetric or coulometric Karl Fischer titration is not possible, either because the sample contains disruptive components or because the consistency of the sample makes it very difficult or even impossible to transfer it into the titration vessel.The present Application Bulletin describes automatic water content determination with the aid of the oven technique and coulometric KF titration, using samples from the food, plastic, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industry.

This Application Bulletin describes the method of near-infrared spectroscopy in diffuse reflection for the purpose of determining residual moisture in a lyophilized pharmaceutical product. Numerous sample vials containing freeze-dried pharmaceuticals were spiked with varying amounts of water for calibration purposes. The resulting differences in the absorption wavelengths of the OH-oscillation were correlated with the water content determined by Karl Fischer titration using the algorithm of multiple linear regression (MLR).

This Application Bulletin provides information regarding the MATi 10 (Metrohm Automated Titration) system. MATi 10 is a completely configured system for automatic volumetric Karl Fischer titration with which the water content in liquid and solid samples can be determined. Up to 24 samples can be analyzed directly in 75 mL titration vessels. The samples are weighed into the titration vessels and covered with an aluminum foil. This prevents falsification of the water content.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is used for a wide range of analyses. Thanks to its fast and non-destructive determination, NIRS is outstandingly suited to quality control of products and raw materials, whether during production or on the finished product. This Application Bulletin shows NIR applications and feasibility studies from the lacquer and paint industry performed using NIRSystems devices.

The present Application Bulletin contains NIR applications for the determination of important parameters for pulp and paper quality analysis. Each application describes the instrument that was originally used for the analysis, as well as the system recommended for the analysis and the results that were achieved thereby.

The present Application Bulletin describes applications that use near-infrared spectroscopy. Each application describes the used and alternatively deployable spectrometer as well as analysis conditions and results and, where available, information on feasibility studies.

The present Application Bulletin elucidates several applications for the polymer industry that can be carried out with the aid of NIR instruments. This Bulletin contains analyses of a wide range of parameters in a very large array of samples. The hydroxyl number is one of the best-known of the parameters that can be determined rapidly using near-infrared spectroscopy. The determination of the hydroxyl number in different areas and in different polyol types is also a part of this Bulletin. Each application describes the sample and the instrument that was originally used for the analysis, as well as the recommended instruments and the results.

MATi 11 (MATi = Metrohm Automated Titration) is a completely configured system for water content determination in solid or liquid samples using automated volumetric Karl Fischer titration. It contains a Polytron PT 1300 D for the homogenization of the samples. Up to 53 samples are analyzed directly in 120 mL titration beakers. The samples are weighed in the titration beaker and sealed with aluminum foil and a foil holder so that they neither lose nor absorb water.

MATi 4 (Metrohm Automated Titration) is a configured system for automated water content determination in liquid samples using coulometric Karl Fischer titration. The maximum sample volume is 5 mL. Up to 160 samples are filled in glass vials and sealed with lids. This ensures that the water content in the samples remains constant. The samples are aspirated and transferred into the coulometric cell through a needle. The tiamo™ software controls the system.

This Application contains information regarding titer determination in Karl Fischer titration, in particular regarding the water standard suitable for a titer determination and for the correct handling of the same.Titer determination for Karl Fischer titrants is indispensable, because the titer is subject to changes caused by the humidity in the air. The frequency of the determination depends on the titrant and the tightness of the system.The titer has the unit mg/mL in Karl Fischer titration. The value calculated in a titer determination indicates how many milligrams of water react on one milliliter of titrant.

Lithium-ion batteries must be completely free of water (concentration of H2O < 20 mg/kg), because water reacts with the conducting salt, e.g., LiPF6, to form hydrofluoric acid.The water content of several materials used in lithium ion batteries can be determined reliably and precisely by coulometric Karl-Fischer titration. In this Application Bulletin the determination for the following materials is described:raw materials for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries (e.g., solvents for electrolytes, carbon black/graphite); electrode coating preparations (slurry) for anode and cathode coating; the coated anode and cathode foils as well as in separator foil and in the combined material; electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries;

Determination of water in moist particulate solids such as cobalt oxyhydroxide.

Determination of moisture in lubricating oils with TEOF (triethyl orthoformate).

Determination of water in automotive lubricating oils.

A sample of concentrated mineral acid is dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile, and the water content titrated with a solution of TEOF in acetonitrile. The TEOF reacts exothermically with water in the presence of a strong acid (acting as a catalyst).

The water content of potassium chlorate is determined according to Karl Fischer using the oven method (300 °C).

The water content of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is determined according to Karl Fischer using two-component reagents in order to prevent unwanted side reactions. (Separate solvent is used to ensure a high excess of sulphur dioxide and amine in the titration vessel.)

The water content of ammonium and potassium peroxodisulphate is determined according to Karl Fischer using two-component reagents. To prevent unwanted side reactions the determinations are carried out at -20 °C. Because the potassium salt is insoluble in the solvent, a high-frequency homogenizer is used to disintegrate the salt particles.

The water content of lyophilisates contained in vials is determined by Karl Fischer titration. Conditioned solvent (methanol) is injected into the vial to dissolve the sample and extract the water (ultrasonic bath). Afterwards the contents of the vial are transferred to the titration vessel to carry out the automatic determination.

Determination of water content in ink is possible with Karl Fischer titration, as shown in this Application Note.

The water content of ointments is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of their high water and fat content, the samples are prediluted with a 1:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol.

The water content of yoghurt powder is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of the relatively high water and fat content, the sample is prediluted with a 1:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol.

The water content of plastic chips is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of the low water content of the sample, the oven method (200 °C) and coulometric titration have to be used.

The water content of explosive pellets is determined according to Karl Fischer after extraction with methanol.

The water content of coal dust is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of the low water content of the voluminous sample, the oven method (nitrogen, 270 °C) and coulometric titration have to be used.

The water content of moisturising creams is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of their high water content, the samples are first mixed and prediluted with dry methanol.

The water content of turbine oil is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of the low water content of the sample, coulometric titration is used.

The water content of organic peroxides is determined according to Karl Fischer using two-component reagents. To prevent any unwanted side reactions, the determinations are carried out at -20 °C.

The water content of diesel fuel and petrol (gasoline) is determined according to Karl Fischer. Because of the low water content, the determinations are carried out by coulometric titration.

The water content of sweet liquorice is determined according to Karl Fischer. To dissolve the sample, a mixture of methanol and formamide is used as solvent and a high-frequency homogenizer as stirring device.

The water content of lemongrass oil is determined according to Karl Fischer. To prevent unwanted side reactions, special KF reagents for aldehydes and ketones are used and the determination is carried out at 0 ... 4 °C.

The presence of water in expandable polystyrene (EPS) can have a negative impact on the thermal insulation properties, as it increases thermal conductivity. If EPS is exposed to a high moisture environment, additional water may be absorbed, which can further affect thermal insulation.Direct analysis of the moisture content by Karl Fischer titration requires the water to be extracted from the EPS, which involves several time-consuming steps. Therefore, determination of the water content with an oven system is preferred. As EPS expands when heated, the use of sample boats, as required by ASTM D6869, is not possible, as the EPS will contaminate the oven system. This Application Note describes the determination of water content in EPS using an oven system with closed sample vials. A determination takes about 7 to 14 min depending on the water content of the sample and the sample size.

The water content of cyclopropyl methyl ketone is determined according to Karl Fischer by coulometric titration using special reagents for aldehydes and ketones.

In this application note, Karl Fischer titration is used to determine the water content of urea.

The water content of flour is determined according to Karl Fischer. To shorten the analysis times and to obtain more precise results, the determinations are carried out at 50 °C.

The water content of animal fat extract is determined according to Karl Fischer.

This Application Note describes the determination of water content in pesticides using Karl Fischer titration.

The water content of ethylene dichloride is determined according to Karl Fischer. As the sample may contain free chlorine, which interferes with the determination, separate KF reagents have to be used.

The water content of smoked salmon and smoked trout is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The water content of potato chips is determined according to Karl Fischer using the oven method (140 °C).

The water content of used lubricating oil is determined according to Karl Fischer by coulometric titration. To prevent unwanted side reactions special KF reagents are used.

The water content of lime is determined according to Karl Fischer using the oven method (150 °C).

The water content of color paste is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The water content of spices is determined according to Karl Fischer. To release the water from the cells, a high-frequency homogenizer has to be used.

The water content of bismuth subnitrate is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The water content of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene and 2,5-norbornadiene is determined according to Karl Fischer using a special solvent mixture to prevent unwanted side reactions.

The water content of acetophenone and benzophenone is determined according to Karl Fischer using special KF reagents for ketones/aldehydes to prevent unwanted side reactions.

The water content of piperidine and piperazine is determined according to Karl Fischer using a buffered solvent mixture.

The water content of melamine is determined according to Karl Fischer in a buffered solvent mixture at 50 °C.

The water content of beta-caprolactam is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The water content of vinyl chloride is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The water content of 2-methyl-5-mercaptothiadiazole is determined according to Karl Fischer using a special solvent mixture to prevent unwanted side reactions.

Karl Fischer titration can be used to determine the water content in N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Special solvent mixtures can be used to prevent unwanted side reactions in the Karl Fischer titration. The water content of N-acetyl-L-cysteine can thus be determined quickly and accurately, as is shown in this Application Note.

This application note describes the water content determination in penicillin by using volumetric Karl Fischer titration. Unwanted side reactions can be avoided by using special solvent mixtures.

The water content of margarine is determined according to Karl Fischer.

Determination of the water content of liquid ammonia according to Karl Fischer after absorption of the water in ethylene glycol.

The water content of silicone oil is determined according to Karl Fischer by coulometric titration.

The water content of aniline is determined according to Karl Fischer in buffered solvent.

The water content in panthenol is determined according to Karl Fischer.

The water content in methylcyclohexane is determined by coulometric Karl Fischer titration.

The water content in Ca carbonate is determined by volumetric Karl Fischer titration.

This Application Note describes the determination of the water content in transformer oil using the oven technique.

Large sample sizes can lead to subtraction of too high blank values. This Application Note describes the calculation of a relative blank and thus helps to improve the accuracy of the method.

The water content, also called moisture content, of plastics is an important quality parameter, as it affects the properties and processability of some plastics. A high water content can lead to degradation of the plastic by hydrolysis or cause surface imperfections. Additionally, it can affect the physical properties of some plastics.For this analysis, the oven technique is used, as volatile compounds present in plastics will interfere, if the water content is directly determined by coulometric Karl Fischer titration. The water content determination in polycarbonate pellets, performed with the 885 Compact Oven Sample Changer and 899 Coulometer, is described in this Application Note.

This Application Note describes the determination of the water content in gelatine using the oven technique.

This Application Note describes the automated determination of the water content in liqueur (30% v/v) using volumetric Karl Fischer titration (MATi 10).

In this application note, Karl Fischer titration is used to determine water content in sodium acetate trihydrate. The MATi 10 allows this determination to be automated, saving users time in the laboratory.

This Application Note describes the automated determination of the water content in toothpaste using volumetric Karl Fischer titration (MATi 10).

This Application Note describes the determination of the water content in tablets using automated volumetric titration including sample preparation (MATi 11).

The water content determination by volumetric Karl Fischer titration is one of the most important analyses worldwide. Using an OMNIS system consisting of an OMNIS Titrator and an OMNIS Sample Robot, the fully automatic analysis of water content is possible in various products and matrices. The OMNIS Sample Robot is capable of running several different titrations in parallel. In this Application Note, we present the results of a volumetric Karl Fischer titration run in parallel to an aqueous acid-base titration on the same system. The water content is not influenced by the parallel running aqueous titration, allowing the combination of potentiometric titrations and Karl Fischer titrations on the same automated system.

The vaping and electronic cigarette industries are growing. The mixtures used in these products are usually called e-liquid, e-fluid, or e-juice. Toensure the quality of these e-liquids, testing the most important parameters is required. One important quality control parameter is water or moisture content.Water/moisture content determination by Karl Fischer titration (KFT) is an established and reliable procedure. Compared to other methods the advantages of KFT are its accuracy, speed, and selectivity. For high water content samples, such as e-liquids, volumetric KFT is the method of choice.In this Application Note a system for the fast and reliable determination of the water content in E-liquids is presented. This fully automated system performs the analysis including system preparation, blank, titer, and sample determination completely unattended. Hence, the workload of the operator is reduced to only weighing in the sample and placing the sealed sample vessels on the system.

Moisture in petroleum products causes several issues: corrosion and wear in pipelines and storage tanks, an increase in debris load resulting in diminished lubrication, blocked filters, or even harmful bacterial growth. As a result, increased water content can lead to infrastructure damage, higher maintenance costs, or even unwanted downtimes.Coulometric Karl Fischer titration is the method of choice for low water content in petroleum products. Using a Karl Fischer oven to vaporize the water present in the sample prior to titration not only greatly reduces matrix interferences, it can also be fully automated. This allows a reliable and cost-efficient analysis of the water content according to ASTM D6304 (Procedure B) in products such as diesel, hydraulic oil, lubricant, additive, turbine oil, and base oil.

Water content determination by volumetric Karl Fischer titration is one of the most important analyses worldwide, particularly when it comes to food quality. This parameter has a major influence on the growth of microorganisms, and thus indirectly affects the storability of the raw materials and final products. Consistent quality is only possible with precise measurements during the process. This measurement is performed with the Metrohm Eco KF Titrator for flour, dough, and baked goods.

Karl Fischer reagents contain buffer substances (usually imidazole) since the reaction constant is dependent on the pH value. A constant pH therefore ensures the most repeatable results. In 2015, imidazole was classified by European Union the as a CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic) substance and the statement H360D was added, stating possible harm to fertility or a fetus. Meanwhile, other reagents free of imidazole are available for purchase. This Application Note summarizes test measurements with 34433 HYDRANAL™ NEXTGEN Coulomat AG-FI.

Test measurements on water standards are performed with an OMNIS KF Titrator and Karl Fischer reagents Aquagent® Complet 5 and Methanol Fast from Scharlau.

To determine water in crude oil, ASTM D4928 recommends coulometric Karl Fischer titration with the oven method, allowing full automation for high reproducibility.

This Application Note describes the utilization possibilities of a new sensor design that permits, in combination with an NIRS XDS Process Analyzer, the determination of solvent residues in a High-Shear Granulator during the drying phase. This system configuration reduces the scattering of the density distribution of the powder samples so that it is possible, directly in the process, to model the water and solvent content precisely.

This Application describes the determination of moisture, nitrogen, and fat in stool samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. These parameters are of great importance in medical diagnostics.

The determination of the water content of soft contact lenses using NIR spectroscopy is described in this Application. A liquid sample kit with gold diffuse reflector was used for measuring the lenses in transflexion mode. A PLS model was developed for predicting the water content.

The purity of a recovered solvent (dichlormethane/methylene chloride) and two of its most important contaminants (methanol and water) are monitored with NIR spectroscopy.

Ink is a complex mixture that, along with numerous additives, is comprised mainly of solvent, dye, water and surfactant. Vis-NIR spectroscopy is outstandingly suitable for providing rapid and reliable determinations of constituents in the context of quality controls. This Application Note describes the determination of diethylene glycol (DEG), water, dye and surfactant.

This Application Note shows how purity, degree of substitution and water content of carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC) can be determined conveniently and rapidly in a single measurement with Vis-NIR spectroscopy.

This Application Note shows the fast and parallel determination of water content and pH value in crude tall oil samples using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Crude tall oil is an important byproduct of pulp production in the power process. NIRS is an efficient alternative to conventional laboratory methods: It permits rapid raw material inspection, process monitoring and final product checking.

For lubricant analysis, determination of the Acid Number (ASTM D664), viscosity (ASTM D445), moisture content (ASTM D6304), and color number (ASTM D1500) require the use of multiple analytical technologies and, in part, large volumes of chemicals. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a fast and cost-efficient alternative for the determination of the AN, viscosity, moisture content, and color number of lubricants. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for multi parameter analysis of lubricants in less than one minute.

This Application Note demonstrates the data transfer from a Fourier transform to a dispersive NIR instrument, using quality control of lubricating oils as an example application. It is shown that FT-NIR instruments can be replaced by dispersive ones without time-consuming sample remeasurement and subsequent method development.

Determination of key quality parameters of palm oil, namely free fatty acids (FFA), iodine value (IV), moisture content, deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), and carotene require the use of several different analytical methods, which are laborious and can lack in accuracy. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for the determination of these quality control parameters in palm oil. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of palm oil in less than a minute and can be used by anyone.

This Application Note shows that visible near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) can determine water content in ethanol-hydrocarbon blends. Vis-NIRS is a fast alternative to conventional lab methods: it accelerates raw material inspection, process monitoring, and final product control.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used for quality control of skin creams. A model for the quantification of the water content was developed based on Karl Fischer titration (KF), enabling fast and reliable atline analysis and final product quality control.

Functional group and viscosity analysis (ASTM D789) of polyamides can be a lengthy and challenging process due to the sample’s limited solubility. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for a simultaneous determination of the intrinsic viscosity as well as the amine, carboxylic, and moisture content in polyamides. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of polyamides in less than a minute.

Specialty chemicals have to fulfill multiple quality requirements. One of these quality parameters, which can be found in almost all certificates of analysis and specifications, is the moisture content. The standard method for the determination of moisture content is Karl Fischer titration.This method requires reproducible sample preparation, chemicals, and waste disposal. Alternatively, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) can be used for the determination of moisture content. With this technique, samples can be analyzed without any preparation and without using any chemicals.

Water activity is an important parameter to measure for non-sterile pharmaceutical quality and stability. The OMNIS NIR Analyzer provides this data within seconds.

Caprolactam is an important polymer used for the production of Nylon 6, which is the base material for industrial fibers. Due to its commercial significance, many different synthesis methods have been developed over the years. Caprolactam is hygroscopic and water soluble, therefore it is important to have a reliable analysis technique for water determination. Analyzing the water content by conventional methods requires each sample to be weighed, dissolved, heated, and titrated. Compared to the primary method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers unique advantages: it generates reliable results within seconds, but it does not need any sample preparation nor does it create chemical waste.

The quantification of residual moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical peptides is an important measure for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. For development purposes, such measurements are necessary and routinely performed during stability studies and to optimize the freeze-drying process (lyophilization). Currently, Karl Fischer titration is widely used for moisture determination in routine analysis. However, this method is time consuming and destroys the sample during analysis. This Application Note shows that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, reagentless, non-destructive method to determine moisture content in lyophilized pharmaceutical products.

Moisture content is one of the most commonly measured properties of fertilizers. Globally, regulations for different fertilizers vary, but local legal limits ensure that the maximum amount of water must not be exceeded. Next to gravimetric methods, Karl Fischer titration is often used for accurate moisture determination.Compared to these methods, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers unique advantages: it generates reliable results within seconds, and at the same time does not create chemical waste. This Application Note explains how NIRS can offer fast, reagent-free analysis of moisture content in various fertilizer products.

This application note presents near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the rapid and reliable simultaneous quantification of ethanol, glycerol, hydrogen peroxide, and water content in hand sanitizer formulations.

This Application Note highlights near-infrared spectroscopy as a faster, cost-effective alternative to KF titration for predicting water content in diesel fuel.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of density, water activity, and moisture of green coffee beans.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free alternative analytical technology for caffeine and moisture analysis in roasted coffee beans and grounds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quickly assesses key quality parameters in palm oil such as iodine value and fatty acid profile without sample preparation.

Conventional methods used to analyze moisture, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile content in coal samples, are time consuming and costly. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is excellently suited to determine all parameters simultaneously in less than one minute without any sample preparation.

Near-infrared spectroscopy streamlines ethylene tetrafluoroethylene production by offering rapid, chemical-free analysis of melt flow rate and moisture content.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can determine water content in PGME (propylene glycol monomethyl ether) within seconds as shown in this Application Note.

This Application Note shows how easy it is to determine water content in the pharmaceutical excipient lactose with reagent-free near-infrared spectroscopy.

NIR spectroscopy offers fast, chemical-free analysis of ash, protein, moisture, and rheological properties in flour – ideal for routine lab or atline quality control.

NIR spectroscopy enables fast, reagent-free analysis of fat, moisture, protein, fiber, ash, and starch in animal feed, streamlining quality control with no sample prep.

Near-infrared spectroscopy saves time and resources by simultaneously measuring key quality parameters like lactose, moisture, fat, and protein content in milk powder.

This study shows how a pre-calibrated NIRS instrument is used for multiparameter analysis of several pet food quality indicators like protein, moisture, fat, and ash.

NIRS can simultaneously measure several quality parameters in hops like cohumulone, hop oils, and moisture content, the hop storage index (HSI), and alpha and beta acids.

NIR spectroscopy enables fast, reliable analysis of key quality parameters in alfalfa forage (e.g., protein, fiber, and moisture) without any sample preparation.

This Application Note shows how NIR spectroscopy is used to determine the water content (moisture content), protein content, and fat content in whole and ground almonds.

This study shows how NIR spectroscopy simultaneously measures capsaicin content, Scoville Heat Units, water activity, ASTA color, and ash content in paprika powder samples.

NIRS simultaneously measures important quality parameters in whey permeate (i.e., ash, phosphate, lactose, protein, pH, and moisture) without any sample preparation.

Polyurethanes are a class of synthetic polymers formed by reacting liquid di/polyisocyanates and polyols with a catalyst and various additives in a reactor. Polymer properties are modified with stepwise additions of these chemicals at different points in time depending on whether the process has reached an equilibrium. NCO functional groups from unreacted isocyanates must be quenched at the end for a finished product, and this parameter must be known to determine the proper chemical mixing ratio. A fast, non-destructive real-time measurement of %NCO can be obtained by using NIR spectroscopy with a probe seated directly in the reactor.

A safer way to monitor moisture content in crude distillation unit overhead fractions is with inline near-infrared spectroscopy using the 2060 The NIR-Ex Analyzer.

This Process Application Note provides a detailed account of the inline assessment of moisture during a pilot scale granulation process using a 2060 The NIR Analyzer.

In the pharmaceutical industry, the fluid bed granulator/dryer is an integral point in the manufacture of powdered materials. Residual moisture must be kept within certain specifications to avoid fracturing of particles or caking (stickiness) of the bulk material. Current methods are slow and cumbersome, which can lead to damaged or degraded product. The ability to monitor the residual moisture content inline after drying is possible with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The 2060 The NIR Analyzer offers fast, reagent-free, nondestructive analysis of residual moisture of powders with a fluid bed probe specifically designed for these applications.

This Process Application Note presents a method to closely monitor low levels of moisture in propylene oxide safely and reliably by using a single explosion-proof inline process analyzer.

This Process Application Note presents a way to closely monitor multiple parameters simultaneously during the dioctyl terephthalate production process with near-infrared spectroscopy.

Many fermentation quality parameters can be monitored simultaneously directly in the tank with inline near-infrared spectroscopy, such as the 2060 The NIR Analyzer.

This Process Application Note presents a method to accurately monitor low levels of moisture in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in «real-time» safely, reliably, and optimally with a 2060 The NIR Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics. Due to the hazardous and hygroscopic nature of THF, a single explosion-proof inline process analyzer is the preferred solution for industries to reduce chemical treatment, improve product quality, and increase profits.

Improve petrochemical quality control with NIRS. Fast, cost-effective, and no sample prep needed. Learn more in our eBook.

Enhance quality control in material and chemical production with NIRS. Fast, cost-effective, and no sample prep needed. Learn more in our eBook.

This e-book explains how Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy enable rapid, nondestructive polymer analysis, ensuring high quality while reducing costs and waste.

Metrohm has shaped moisture analysis for more than half a century. Find out about new developments in water analysis and learn how near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with Karl Fischer titration can increase your sample throughput and boost your productivity.

Chemometrics is a powerful tool widely used for method development in the pharmaceutical industry. This whitepaper describes the lifecycle of multivariate models and summarizes the workflow of the development of chemometrical models according to the new USP chapter <1039>.

This White Paper explores the critical role of advanced online and inline process analysis in brine chlorine operations, emphasizing their advantages over traditional methods.

Propylene oxide (PO) is a major industrial product used in assorted industrial applications, mainly for the production of polyols (the building blocks for polyurethane plastics). Several production methods exist, with and without co-products. This white paper lays out opportunities to optimize PO production for safer and more efficient processes, higher quality products, and substantial time savings by using online process analysis instead of laboratory measurements.

Underestimation of quality control (QC) processes is one of the major factors leading to internal and external product failure, which have been reported to cause a loss of turnover between 10–30%. As a result, many different norms are put in place to support manufacturers with their QC process. However, time to result and the associated costs for chemicals can be quite excessive, leading many companies to implement near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in their QC process. This paper illustrates the potential of NIRS and displays cost saving potentials up to 90%.

Knowledge of the water content in lubricating oils, additives, and similar products is important in the manufacturing, purchase, sale, or transfer of petroleum products to help estimate their quality and performance characteristics. Monitoring the water content in such products can prevent damage to infrastructure and ensure safe operation by avoiding corrosion processes and subsequent engine wear. This White Paper explains the easy determination of moisture in petroleum samples by coulometric Karl Fischer titration according to the three procedures outlined in ASTM Method D6304. A comparison is given between the procedures to determine which is most suitable for different sample types.

The fermentation of corn starch to produce ethanol is a complex biochemical process that requires monitoring of many different parameters (e.g., solids, pH, sugar profile, glycerol, lactic and acetic acid, and water and ethanol content). Traditional laboratory analysis using primary methods (e.g. Karl Fischer titration) takes about an hour to complete and is a limiting step for increasing plant capacity and efficiency. As a fast and non-destructive analytical technique, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can replace routine laboratory analysis, decreasing operating costs and increasing plant efficiency and capacity. This White Paper describes the capabilities of the modern analytical method near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for monitoring and improving the fermentation process of corn to ethanol.