Aplikacje

Raman instrumentation can use lasers of different laser excitation, giving the same Raman spectrum for a sample. This paper presents the specific strengths and weaknesses that different excitation wavelengths provide, allowing a user to optimize the measurement of different samples by their choice of Raman excitation laser wavelength.

In this article portable Raman spectroscopy as an effective tool for at-line characterization of carbon black is presented. Raman spectroscopic analysis can be an effective test to characterize carbon black material, including the structural order.

Raman spectroscopy is used for material characterization by analyzing molecular or crystal symmetrical vibrations and rotations that are excited by a laser, and exhibit vibrations specific to the molecular bonds and crystal arrangements in the molecules. Raman technology is a valuable tool in distinguishing different polymorphs. Examples of portable Raman spectroscopy for identification of polymorphs and in monitoring the polymorphic transiton of citric acid and its hydrated form are presented.

Portable Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable tool in the study of archaeological sites, allowing for in situ analysis which minimizes the impact of such studies on important cultural sites. The flexibility of the use of a fiber optic probe and tripod-mounted video microscope with a light weight instrument reduces the need for sampling, and increases the ability to make representative measurements over what can be very large sample areas. The information content of Raman spectroscopy aids in the understanding of the materials used in the construction and restoration of important archaeological sites, and in understanding the degradation that is occurring which should aid in preservation and restoration work.

For SERS developers and end users of SERS for specific applications to investigate low concetation levels of compounds, the centerpiece of their technological platform must be a Raman setup that provides reliable lab grade performance and is affordable and portable, allowing them to tackle real world problems. The portable i-Raman Plus system coupled with a BAC151 video microscope sampling accessory provides an ideal setup. With the performance and flexibility of use with different laser spot size and power for SERS research.

The NanoRam is able to test material through multiple layers of transparent plastic bags. Postive identification of material on PE bags from 1 to 9 layers were obtained, demonstrating minimum interference from the PE bags on the material identification result.

Raman spectroscopy is used widely by law enforcement as a field screening tool due to its speed, selectivity and ease of use. The majority of materials can be identified by the Raman signature, as they exhibit sharp distinctive peaks serving as a molecular fingerprint. However, many street and real-world samples are dark in color and not pure. The dark color, often due to impurities, gives rise to fluorescence that interferes with the Raman measurement. One method to suppress the fluorescence of a sample and enhance the Raman activity / signal is by the use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS).

The emergence of counterfeit prescription drugs has become a concern for the pharmaceutical industry. Because of the low concentrations of APIs found in pharmaceutical drugs, normal Raman spectroscopy is typically not sensitive enough to detect the API from the surface of a pill. In this study we develop a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based approach to identify a low-dose of the API alprazolam in a Xanax tablet using a handheld Raman spectrometer. If no SERS peaks consistent with alprazolam are observed from a Xanax tablet, the pill is a suspected fake. The method demonstrates the power of SERS to quickly verify the presence of alprazolam in the tablet for anti-counterfeiting purposes.

Portable Raman is used to quantify trigonelline, an alkaloid that contributes to the health benefits of some foods. A simple method to quantify the presence of diluted trigonelline in solutions using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is described. Portable Raman is a tool that could be used in quality control of food items such as coffee and quinoa.

This article demonstrates the utility of portable Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for process analytical technology (PAT) for raw material identification, in-situ monitoring of reactions in developing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and for real-time process monitoring. Raw material identification is done for verification of starting materials as required by PIC/S and cGMP, and can be readily done with handheld Raman. Portable Raman systems allow users to make measurements to bring process understanding and also provide proof of concept for the Raman measurements to be implemented in pilot plants or large-scale production sites. For known reactions which are repetitively performed or for continuous online process monitoring of reactions, Raman provides a convenient solution for process understanding and the basis for process control.

Urea in widely employed as a nitrogen-release fertilizer with more than 90 % of urea production destined for agricultural applications. Urea is also known to form complexes with fatty acids, which have been employed for separation of complex mixtures and purification processes. In this application note, we present the quantification of the concentration of urea in ethanol by Raman Spectroscopy and show how this method can be employed for determining the percentage of urea in a solid inclusion compound with stearic acid.

A new Raman system design is presented that expands the applicability of Raman to See Through diffusely scattering media such as opaque packaging materials, as well as to measure the Raman spectrum and identify thermolabile, photolabile, or heterogeneous samples.

The suitability and potential of Raman spectroscopy in forensics is widely known by forensic specialists who use it in the laboratory to identify a wide variety of compounds including explosives, drugs, paints, textile fibers and inks. However, the use of laboratory-grade Raman outside the laboratory, such as for in‐situ analysis at a crime scene, was something thought possible only in forensic‐fiction until just a few years ago. Fortunately, modern portable Raman spectrometers are commercially available, and their instrumental features are comparable to Raman lab‐ spectrometers.To prove this, some extraordinarily demanding and challenging applications, in which an in‐situ standoff identification of samples might be advisable, were tested.

Law enforcement personnel, laboratory technicians, crime scene investigators and many others face a significant challenge for identification of materials in a forensic investigation.Traditionally, technicians used multiple forms of identification in order to collect results from various forms of forensic samples. Although certain technologies are ideal for precise laboratory identification, many technologies, such as Raman spectroscopy, can be successfully used for identification of multiple forensic sample types either directly in the field or in the lab. Raman spectroscopy is classified as a Category A analytical method by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG; Version 7.1, 2016).

At a crime scene, a police officer collects a fiber sample that may prove to be invaluable evidence in identifying a criminal or exonerating an innocent person. In recent years, Raman spectroscopy has been studied extensively for forensic fiber analysis because of the high selectivity of Raman signatures, non-destruction nature of the test, and the ability to conduct the analysis without any sample preparation. The Raman spectrum can be measured directly on fabrics or fibers mounted on glass slide with very little interference from the mounting resin or the glass.

Edible oils are not only a major source of nutrition but also a key basic material in the food industry. Vegetable oils are increasingly important because of their high content in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison with animal fats. In this application note, the main ingredients of olive oil, camellia oil, arachis oil, sunflower seed oil, and colza oil are analyzed using a portable Raman spectrometer combined with chemometrics software.

Today’s Raman instrumentation is faster, more rugged, and less expensive than previous instrumentation.The design of high performance, portable and handheld devices has introduced the technology to new application areas that were previously not possible with older, more cumbersome instruments. Handheld Raman instruments such as the NanoRam® from B&W Tek are well-suited for pharmaceutical applications such as the testing of raw materials, verification of final products and the identification of counterfeit drugs due to the technique’s extremely high molecular selectivity.

Metrohm’s ST Raman technology enables fast, contactless identification of substances through opaque packaging, expanding safe, field-ready use of Raman spectroscopy.

Analytical methods to perform CU testing should ideally be fast, noninvasive and achieved with limited sample preparation. Recently, transmission near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and transmission Raman spectroscopy have both been explored as alternative methods for rapid and non-destructive on- and at-line CU testing with no sample preparation. Although quick and nondestructive, transmission NIR spectroscopy suffers from poor chemical selectivity and is sensitive to changes in the testing environment. Transmission Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric modeling is quickly emerging as a valued technique for CU testing due to its high chemical specificity, which is particularly useful when dealing with complex pharmaceutical formulations that contain multiple components.

B&W Tek’s TacticID®-1064 is a field-ready handheld Raman system utilizing 1064-nm wavelength laser excitation. Designed for forensic analysis by safety personnel, first responders, and law enforcement personnel, the TacticID-1064 significantly reduces fluorescence, allowing users to identify tough street samples such as ecstasy tablets in a variety of colors and mixture forms.

The two most common mathematical representations used with handheld Raman spectroscopy as decision-making tools for spectroscopic data: Hit Quality Index (HQI) and significance level (p-value) are presented.

Correct identification of mineral phases in rock thin sections is essential to petrographic and petrologic analysis of rocks. Portable Raman coupled to an optical microscope gives chemical information along with the optical images to give a higher certainty of identification than traditionally used optical micropcopy alone.

The benefits of a TE-cooled spectrometer in Raman systems are discussed to deliver lower system noise over longer integration times, resulting in lower limits of detection.

Forensics testing of samples encountered by law enforcement and customs agents is based on analytical techniques that are now being miniaturized and simplified and are making their way into field instrumentation. Field testing with Raman spectroscopy allows users to conduct reliable measurements at the point of arrest, reducing the burden on crime labs and accelerating the prosecution process.

Handheld Raman solutions have improved the ability to do complete incoming raw material testing quickly without the need for sample preparation. The NanoRam handheld Raman contributes to increased quality testing with a cost-effective technology used at point of receipt, thus minimizing steps to material acceptance, giving a high return on investment (ROI).

The combination of Raman spectroscopy and vapor sorption techniques provides a comprehensive understanding of vapor-solid interactions of pharmaceutical materials as it relates to the structural properties.This paper investigates the in-situ monitoring of a moisture-induced polymorphic transformation (D-mannitol from delta to beta form) using a combined Raman-vapor sorption technique.

This technical note is to demonstrate the NanoRam material identification through dark brown plastic bags. NanoRam is shown to work for material identification inside dark brown polyvinyl bag.

Ternary mixtures of aqueous sugar solutions are measured and multivariate models of the concentration of analytes developed using BWIQ software.

Handheld Raman is used for raw material testing of different sample types and forms. The use of optimized sampling accessories enhances the utility of handheld Raman without compromising data quality or complicating testing.

Fiber-optic cables are marvels of innovation for modern spectroscopic instrumentation. The advantages offered by fiber optical cable-based sampling include great flexibility for enabling measurements at various sample sites, ease of use, and flexibility for easy transportation. With this freedom however comes increased responsibility for care and maintenance of the associated fiber accessories to ensure the measurement quality and fiber durability.

Conventional Raman typically has a very small sampling area with a high power density (PD) at the laser focal point on the sample, which means that only a limited portion of a sample is measured, and the result tends to be irreproducible for heterogeneous sample. The high power density may also cause samples to heat up or burn. The large spot adaptor (LSA) for B&W Tek’s handheld Raman products, featuring a much larger sampling area of 4.5 mm in diameter, is designed to overcome these issues.

The RVM method requires only a few spectra to make a model and can be quickly developed on the NanoRam-1064. Multivariate analysis of the Raman spectra on handheld Raman instruments provides more robust methodologies for identifying samples.

In this note, we use a model drug, acetaminophen, to demonstrate the capability of QTRam® to quantify low concentrations of API in compressed tablets.QTRam® is a compact transmission Raman analyzer designed specifically for content uniformity analysis of pharmaceuticals in solid dosage forms.

Cellulose is a common naturally-derived raw excipient found in the majority of pharmaceutical products. Raw material testing is required to ensure that consumers are receiving quality cellulose and its derivatives. The NanoRam®-1064 is an asset for pharmaceutical identity testing, minimizing fluorescence generated by typical handheld Raman systems with 785 nm lasers. As such, the NanoRam®-1064 is used here to identify cellulose derivatives that would normally fluoresce with a 785 nm laser.

The TacticID®-GP Plus has multiple measurement modes to support safety and security users. A-Mode allows the user to create library Raman or SERS spectra customizable for spectral search range and hit quality index (HQI) threshold. A-mode is of beneficial use to forensics laboratories that would like to utilize expansion of SERS detection of designer drugs specific to their geographical regions or for food safety in perspective markets. In this example, A-Mode is used to create a SERS library of melamine to easily detect the presence of melamine in infant formula using a single indicator peak.

Botanicals are derived from plant materials and used for their medicinal and therapeutic properties in the nutraceuticals market. They are not as heavily regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) like the pharmaceuticals drug market, but they are required to follow Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP Requirements).The NanoRam®-1064 is an asset for pharmaceutical identity testing, minimizing fluorescence generated by typical handheld Raman systems with 785 nm lasers. As such, the NanoRam®-1064 is used here to identify botanicals that would normally fluoresce with a 785 nm laser.

Stamps are cultural heritage objects that provide an invaluable amount of historical information. There is an increase of counterfeit historical inks and it is imperative that fraudulent stamps can be identified and removed from the market. The portable Raman i-Raman EX® with a 1064 nm laser is used because it minimizes the fluorescence of the ink. The i-Raman EX® also has the functionality of low laser power reduction down to 1% to prevent sample burning and the Raman video microscope system analyzes the smallest of details, which is imperative for cultural heritage analysis of an 1885 historical envelope.

Research laboratories must expand their capabilities to routinely analyze candidate microplastics from environmental samples to determine their origin and help predict biological impacts. Spectroscopic techniques are well suited to polymer identification. Laboratory Raman spectroscopy is an alternative to confocal Raman microscopes and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopes for quick identification of polymer materials. Raman microscopy was used to identify very small microplastic particles in this Application Note.

The TacticID®-1064 ST is a 1064 nm handheld Raman system designed for law enforcement officials, first responders, and customs and border protection officers for rapid field identification of illicit substances such as narcotics, explosives, and other suspicious materials.The TacticID-1064 ST is specially designed with see-through Raman functionality to measure materials through both transparent and opaque containers. These through-barrier measurements remove the need for active sampling of potentially dangerous compounds such as fentanyl, leading to safer operations and reduced wait time for clear results.

Quantitation of the functionalization of a water-soluble polymer was achieved using a portable Raman spectrometer. The Raman spectrum provides strong, unique bands for both the initial and fully reacted polymer. This enables development of a simple, robust quantitative analysis of the percent polymer functionalization. This method is now routinely used in a manufacturing plant's quality control laboratory.

An important aspect of collecting Raman data to make it comparable across instruments is correcting for the spectrometer’s relative intensity, since the relative response for each Raman spectrometer is unique. Standard reference materials (SRMs) are optical glasses that emit a broadband luminescence spectrum when illuminated with a Raman laser at a specific wavelength. This spectrum is applied as the spectral-intensity response correction for a specific instrument, to remove instrumental artefacts. The standard software for i-Raman series portable instruments, BWSpec, has functions for applying this instrument-specific correction. This technical note explains the relative intensity correction, and how to apply it using BWSpec software.

In this case study, a suspected counterfeit Adderall pill was measured directly with a TacticID Mobile using a point-and-shoot adapter. The spectra of the suspected couterfeit pill was found to contain cellulose and caffeine, but not the active ingredient. The TacticiD Mobile with 1064-nm laser excitation provides fluorescence suppression, giving those on the front lines a tool in the fight against dangerous counterfeit drugs.

Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool for the characterization of carbon nanomaterials due to its selectivity, speed, and ability to measure samples nondestructively. Carbon materials typically have simple Raman spectra, but they contain a wealth of information about internal microcrystalline structures in peak position, shape, and relative intensity.

100% starting materials identification testing is one of the FDA’s directives as per 211.84 for FDA regulated industries such as Pharmaceutical, Vaccines, Cosmetics, Tobacco, Animal veterinary products, Food, etc. STRam®-1064 is a Raman analyzer uniquely suited for this purpose. It measures samples through thick packaging materials such as plastics, multilayer kraft paper sacks, and HDPE containers. A long wavelength laser is used to suppress fluorescence. The ID algorithm isolates the sample signature by subtracting that of the packaging material and compares that with library spectra to achieve identification.

The poster shows the use of Vis-NIR spectroscopy for the simultaneous quantification of cobalt content, solids content, relative density and viscosity in paint driers as an outstanding alternative to conventional wet chemical laboratory methods. The advantages of the expanded wavelength range over the visible range become clear in this application: the visible range (400 – 780 nm) correlates directly with the cobalt content; the NIR range (780 – 2500 nm) is used for determining the chemical and physical parameters.

This Application Bulletin describes the method of near-infrared spectroscopy in diffuse reflection for the purpose of determining residual moisture in a lyophilized pharmaceutical product. Numerous sample vials containing freeze-dried pharmaceuticals were spiked with varying amounts of water for calibration purposes. The resulting differences in the absorption wavelengths of the OH-oscillation were correlated with the water content determined by Karl Fischer titration using the algorithm of multiple linear regression (MLR).

The present Application Bulletin contains NIR applications and feasibility studies for NIRSystems devices in the chemical industry. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of a wide variety of samples are part of this bulletin. Each application describes the instrument that was originally used for the analysis, as well as the system recommended for the analysis and the results that were achieved thereby.

The present Application Bulletin contains NIR applications and feasibility studies using NIRSystems devices in the pharmaceutical industry. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of a wide variety of samples are part of this bulletin. Each application describes the instrument that was originally used for the analysis, as well as the system recommended for the analysis and the results that were achieved thereby.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is used for a wide range of analyses. Thanks to its fast and non-destructive determination, NIRS is outstandingly suited to quality control of products and raw materials, whether during production or on the finished product. This Application Bulletin shows NIR applications and feasibility studies from the lacquer and paint industry performed using NIRSystems devices.

The present Application Bulletin contains NIR applications for the determination of important parameters for pulp and paper quality analysis. Each application describes the instrument that was originally used for the analysis, as well as the system recommended for the analysis and the results that were achieved thereby.

The present Application Bulletin describes applications that use near-infrared spectroscopy. Each application describes the used and alternatively deployable spectrometer as well as analysis conditions and results and, where available, information on feasibility studies.

The present Application Bulletin elucidates several applications for the polymer industry that can be carried out with the aid of NIR instruments. This Bulletin contains analyses of a wide range of parameters in a very large array of samples. The hydroxyl number is one of the best-known of the parameters that can be determined rapidly using near-infrared spectroscopy. The determination of the hydroxyl number in different areas and in different polyol types is also a part of this Bulletin. Each application describes the sample and the instrument that was originally used for the analysis, as well as the recommended instruments and the results.

This Application Bulletin compares the unique focusing technology of the portable Metrohm Raman system "Mira" with conventional methods. The method described here is called Orbital Raster Scan (ORS). Experiments show the advantages of ORS technology, using determination and quantification of medicines as an example. It improves the reproducibility of the Raman signals from targeted, active, pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in effervescent, cold medicines. Shorter analysis times and an improved, consistent assignment of spectra of the known medicine with the help of a spectral library are further advantages of ORS technology.

Electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) are widely used techniques in many fields. However, the data curves obtained from these analyses are quite varied, and not all electrochemical peaks and spectroscopic bands can be measured with the same procedures. This Application Note examines four tools included in the DropView 8400 and DropView SPELEC softwares to facilitate the measurement and analysis of the collected curves and data. The following measurement options are explained in detail: automeasurement, set on curve measurement, set free measurement, and set step measurement.

Alamar Blue is monitored with fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry during its irreversible reduction to resorufin and further reversible reduction to dihydroresorufin.

Two of the leading pain remedies, aspirin and acetaminophen, are compared with generic samples for content uniformity testing using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The method of standard addition is used for quantification. To reduce most of the effects that stem from particle size and packing differences, second derivative spectra are used.

This Application Note shows the potential of NIRS as a rapid (< 30 s) and nondestructive screening tool for solid dosage forms (e.g. tablets). NIRS requires neither sample preparation nor solvent use. Interferences that derive from scattering are minimized by converting to second derivative spectra.

This Application Note describes the determination of copolymer levels in polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylacetate (PVA) pellets using NIRS. The determination of the composition of the polymer blends takes less than 30 seconds and requires no sample preparation. The second derivative spectra are analyzed by means of the linear least-squares regression method.

This Application Note shows that NIR spectroscopy is an excellent tool for determining low concentrations of additives in finished polypropylene pellets. This is demonstrated by monitoring the UV stabilizer Tinuvin 770 and the antioxidant Irganox 225. The application of multiple linear regression (MLR) models minimizes interferences that originate from different coating thicknesses and interferences in the polymer pellets.

This Application Note demonstrates how NIR spectroscopy can be used to determine the content of coatings on nylon fibers, quickly and without requiring either sample preparation or the use of reagents. In order to suppress the effects arising from scattering on the surface coatings, one forms the second derivative spectra; the linear least-squares regression method is used to calculate the calibration function.

This Application Note describes how NIR spectroscopy can be used to determine residual lignin content in wood pulp. Using the major absorbance peaks of both lignin and cellulose in the second derivative spectra, the residual lignin content in wood pulp can be monitored during paper production.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is ideally suited to monitor the hardwood and softwood content in pulp and paper products.The herein described method bases on the fact that the changes in hardwood and softwood content are reflected in the intensity of the absorption bands of cellulose. A linear least-squares regression on second derivative spectra provide results that correspond very well with those of conventional laboratory determinations. With NIRS, an analytic method is available that provides results in real time.

This Application Note describes an NIR method for monitoring the esterification process in butyl acetate production. The developed NIR method shows excellent analytical performance equivalent to that obtainable with more time-consuming GC methods.

This Application Note demonstrates that a calibration model for caffeine and microcrystalline cellulose developed on the NIRS XDS Rapid Content Analyzer (RCA) is transferable to other NIRS XDS RCA. Due to the improved signal-to-noise ratio, reduced bandwidth and improved wavelength precision of the NIRS XDS, the transferability of the calibration model can be easily and efficiently performed.

This Application Note describes how the accuracy of your NIR measurements can be increased with instrument calibration.

This Application Note describes how the accuracy of your NIR measurements can be increased with reference standards.

Well-mixed active substances for medications are indispensable in the pharmaceutical industry. This applies not only to the pharmaceutical active ingredient but also for lubricants, binding agents, explosives, oxidants and dyes. Analysis of these active ingredients is expensive; they are also only rarely analyzed as a rule. The progress of the mixing procedures can be followed conveniently with NIR spectroscopy, on the one hand using visual comparisons and on the other by means of spectral algorithms. The progress of mixing processes can be predicted in real time with the help of the spectrum when the latter is used.

This Application Note describes the utilization possibilities of a new sensor design that permits, in combination with an NIRS XDS Process Analyzer, the determination of solvent residues in a High-Shear Granulator during the drying phase. This system configuration reduces the scattering of the density distribution of the powder samples so that it is possible, directly in the process, to model the water and solvent content precisely.

This Application Note shows that NIR "predictive models" are optimally suitable for the non-destructive measurement of the release profiles of active ingredients from tablets. This is in accordance with the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative of the FDA. The results demonstrate how NIRS considerably reduces the work involved for release studies in the laboratory.

This Application describes the determination of moisture, nitrogen, and fat in stool samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. These parameters are of great importance in medical diagnostics.

The determination of the water content of soft contact lenses using NIR spectroscopy is described in this Application. A liquid sample kit with gold diffuse reflector was used for measuring the lenses in transflexion mode. A PLS model was developed for predicting the water content.

The purity of a recovered solvent (dichlormethane/methylene chloride) and two of its most important contaminants (methanol and water) are monitored with NIR spectroscopy.

In recent years, there has been a significant push to reduce the environmental impacts of fuels through improvements to fuel quality. The determination of key quality parameters of gasoline, namely research octane number (RON, ASTM D2699-19), motor octane number (MON, ASTM D2700-19), anti knock index (AKI), aromatic content (ASTM D5769-15), and density, conventionally requires several different analytical methods, which are laborious and need trained personnel. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer, operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR), provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for the multiparameter analysis of gasoline.

Determination of the diethylene glycol content, isophthalic acid content, intrinsic viscosity (ASTM D4603), and the acid number (AN) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a lengthy and challenging process due to the sample’s limited solubility and the need to use different analytical methods. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for a simultaneous determination of these parameters in PET. Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of PET in less than one minute without sample preparation or using any chemical reagents.

Pyrolysis gasoline (Pygas) is a by-product of ethylene production, which contains unwanted conjugated diolefins making it unsuitable as a motor fuel. To overcome this limitation, the olefin content needs to be reduced below 2 mg/g pygas in a selective hydrogenation unit (SHU). The diene value, or maleic anhydride value (MAV), is usually determined by the lengthy Diels-Alder wet chemical method (UOP326-17), requiring highly trained analysts. In contrast to the primary method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a cost-efficient and fast analytic solution for the determination of diene value in pyrolysis gasoline.

This Application Note describes the determination of various indices (mainly with ASTM and ISO conformance) for the characterization of kerosene as aviation turbine fuel using near-infrared spectroscopy. The following parameters were determined with the aid of an NIRS XDS Process Analyzer: degree of density in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute (API), aromatics content, Cetane Index, distillation characteristics pursuant to ASTM D86, flash point, freezing point, viscosity and hydrogen content. All of these parameters are determined quickly and easily with just a single measurement.

Ink is a complex mixture that, along with numerous additives, is comprised mainly of solvent, dye, water and surfactant. Vis-NIR spectroscopy is outstandingly suitable for providing rapid and reliable determinations of constituents in the context of quality controls. This Application Note describes the determination of diethylene glycol (DEG), water, dye and surfactant.

This Application Note shows how, with the help of Vis-NIR spectroscopy and a special plant library, 46 different medicinal and aromatic plants, e.g., Organicum majoricum and Tilia cordata, can be conveniently identified on the basis of their spectrum. In comparison with alternative methods for the determination of plants, which are elaborate and require experienced scientists for their performance, the Vis-NIR method permits rapid and uncomplicated identification.

This Application Note shows the transfer of near-infrared spectroscopy analysis methods from the FOSS NIRSystems System II (5000/6500) Analyzer to the Metrohm NIRS XDS und DS2500 Analyzers. In addition, the advantages of the new NIRS XDS and DS2500 analyzers with extended spectral range and improved resolution are displayed, in particular with respect to the FOSS NIRSystems System II analyzer.

This Application Note shows the determination of two important additives – butylglycol and propylheptyl alcohol – in water-soluble lacquers using Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Other lacquer constituents can also be determined in addition to the two additives.

This Application Note shows how the amine number and the solids content in electrophoretic lacquer coatings can be determined quickly and simply with Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Additional parameters can be determined reliably and conveniently with a single measurement.

This Application Note shows how purity, degree of substitution and water content of carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC) can be determined conveniently and rapidly in a single measurement with Vis-NIR spectroscopy.

This Application Note shows the determination of the ratio of cotton linter to pulp in cellulose samples with Vis-NIR spectroscopy. This linter-pulp ratio is an important characteristic in the paper industry which, unlike with elaborate wet-chemistry methods, can be determined quickly and conveniently with Vis-NIR spectroscopy.

This Application Note describes the simultaneous determination of the four most important analysis parameters of paint dryers – cobalt and solids contents, specific weight and viscosity – using a VIS-NIR analyzer. The visible range correlates with the metal content, while the NIR region provides the specific weight, viscosity and solids content.

This Application Note shows that near-infrared spectroscopy with its exceptionally short analysis times significantly accelerates quality monitoring of polymer granulates and raw materials. Polyethylene (PE) und polypropylene (PP) can be identified in parallel. PE density is also determined in the same measurement.

Toxic and corrosive chemicals such as p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (TSI) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide are used for the Hydroxyl Number analysis of polyols by titration according to ASTM D4274-16. This application note demonstrates how the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for the determination of the hydroxyl (OH) number of polyols. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of polyols in less than a minute.

This Application Note shows the fast and parallel determination of water content and pH value in crude tall oil samples using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Crude tall oil is an important byproduct of pulp production in the power process. NIRS is an efficient alternative to conventional laboratory methods: It permits rapid raw material inspection, process monitoring and final product checking.

Sulfathiazoles are sulfonamides with antibiotic effect that occur in various polymorphous forms and that are often used in veterinary medicine. This Application Note shows the differentiation between commercial and sulfathiazole form I using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with the help of the overtone frequencies of N-H stretching vibration. Form I is the least stable polymorphous form. Crystallization and polymorphism must be monitored as part of quality controls. In this, NIRS is considerably more rapid and more reliable than conventional laboratory methods.

In this Application Note, Vis-NIR spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) is used to determine six wood pulp properties in a single measurement: kappa number, applied density, freeness, breaking strength, buckling strength and tensile strength.

This Application Note describes the quantification of protein content in dietary supplements using Vis-NIR spectroscopy to reduce the workload of time-consuming and waste-generating primary methods, such as Kjeldahl digestion.

For lubricant analysis, determination of the Acid Number (ASTM D664), viscosity (ASTM D445), moisture content (ASTM D6304), and color number (ASTM D1500) require the use of multiple analytical technologies and, in part, large volumes of chemicals. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a fast and cost-efficient alternative for the determination of the AN, viscosity, moisture content, and color number of lubricants. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for multi parameter analysis of lubricants in less than one minute.

Heparin acts as an efficient anticoagulant and, in addition to direct injection, is also used as a lock-flush solution for rinsing catheters. Vis-NIR spectroscopy can be used to determine the strength of contaminated and purified heparin. This Application Note demonstrates that heparin strength can be determined reliably with Vis-NIR spectroscopy.

This Application Note demonstrates the data transfer from a Fourier transform to a dispersive NIR instrument, using quality control of lubricating oils as an example application. It is shown that FT-NIR instruments can be replaced by dispersive ones without time-consuming sample remeasurement and subsequent method development.

Determination of key quality parameters of palm oil, namely free fatty acids (FFA), iodine value (IV), moisture content, deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), and carotene require the use of several different analytical methods, which are laborious and can lack in accuracy. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for the determination of these quality control parameters in palm oil. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of palm oil in less than a minute and can be used by anyone.

Vis-NIR spectroscopy is used to determine the droplet morphology in hair conditioner. This Application Note shows that near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between unprocessed and processed hair conditioner and to qualify quality parameters such as the droplet size.

Visible Near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a valuable chemical analysis tool that can be used to determine quality parameters of hair creams. A qualitative method was developed in order to allow a fast out-of-spec analyses of an active antibacterial ingredient.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as an analysis method for quality control of hair spray samples. A model for an active ingredient within hair sprays was developed, enabling fast and reliable out-of-specification analyses.

Visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy can be used as a fast and accurate analytical method for the quantification of different analytes and active ingredients in detergents, such as tetraacetylethylendiamin (TAED), sodium percarbonate (PCS), and enzymes. This Application Note shows how NIRS can be used for multi-constituent analyses in detergents in a single measurement.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used in a preliminary study as a fast and accurate method for the quantification of different preservatives and active ingredients in liquid shampoo. This Application Note shows how this analytical method allows the simultaneous determination of several constituents in shampoo in a single measurement.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as an analysis method for quality control of soap noodles. Quantitative models for the determination of Total Fatty Matter, Iodine Number, and C8–C14 were developed, enabling fast and reliable quality control.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as an analysis method for quality control of aqueous xanthan gum solutions. Quantitative models for the determination of optical density, glucose, and xanthan gum were developed, enabling fast and reliable quality control.

This Application Note shows that visible near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) can determine water content in ethanol-hydrocarbon blends. Vis-NIRS is a fast alternative to conventional lab methods: it accelerates raw material inspection, process monitoring, and final product control.

Determination of sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), cocamidopropyl betaine (CABP), cocamidopropylamine oxide (CAW), cocamide diethanolamine (DEA), and carbopol in shampoo is a cost- and time-intensive process due to the use of large volumes of chemicals per analysis. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for a simultaneous determination these parameters in shampoo. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the complete analysis in less than a minute.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used for quality control of skin creams. A model for the quantification of the water content was developed based on Karl Fischer titration (KF), enabling fast and reliable atline analysis and final product quality control.

This Application Note shows that visible near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) can be used for the quantification of five effective insecticide and herbicide components (Abamectin emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emamectin EC, Cyhalothrin EC, Cypermethrin and Glyphosate) in pesticides. Vis-NIRS is an excellent alternative to conventional lab methods, saving both cost and time.

This Application Note shows that visible near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) can be used for the quantification of Baicalin content in herbal supplements. Vis-NIRS is a good alternative to the conventional lab method (HPLC) and can save both cost and time.

This Application Note shows that the visible range of the Metrohm Vis-NIR analyzer can be used to quantify the color intensity of dyes, providing comparable results to the reference analysis UV-Vis. The NIR region can be used in addition to distinguish between different dye types or different suppliers and can identify impurities in the undiluted dyes during raw material control. The combination of the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges offer the benefit that only one analyzer is required to receive results on multiple parameters in a 30-seconds-scan results on both cost and time saving.

Functional group and viscosity analysis (ASTM D789) of polyamides can be a lengthy and challenging process due to the sample’s limited solubility. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for a simultaneous determination of the intrinsic viscosity as well as the amine, carboxylic, and moisture content in polyamides. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of polyamides in less than a minute.

This Application Note describes a fast, nondestructive, and reliable method for the determination of the chemical composition of alcohol mixtures exemplified by ethanol/isopropanol mixtures. With visible near infrared spectroscopy (VIS-NIRS), results are available in real-time, thus making NIRS highly suited for fast quality control.

This Application Note shows that visible near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) can determine the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen products. Thanks to measurement durations of less than 30 seconds, NIR spectroscopy is ideally suited for rapid and reliable quality control.

Uniformity of dosage units must be tested for QC purposes in the pharma industry. NIRS gives results in seconds along with the quantification of APIs and excipients.

Specialty chemicals have to fulfill multiple quality requirements. One of these quality parameters, which can be found in almost all certificates of analysis and specifications, is the moisture content. The standard method for the determination of moisture content is Karl Fischer titration.This method requires reproducible sample preparation, chemicals, and waste disposal. Alternatively, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) can be used for the determination of moisture content. With this technique, samples can be analyzed without any preparation and without using any chemicals.

This Application Note presents Vis-NIR spectroscopy as a viable alternative to determine API content in cefixime tablets without sample preparation.

This Application Note demonstrates the feasibility of Vis-NIRS for the simultaneous determination of multiple chemical and physical parameters in epoxy resins. Vis-NIRS is a fast alternative to conventional lab methods: it accelerates raw material inspection, process monitoring, and final product control.

Determination of isocyanates (ASTM D7252) is a challenging procedure due to the reactivity of these organic species with atmospheric moisture, as well as their toxicity. Furthermore, HPLC analysis typically used for this kind of analysis involves sample preparation steps and chemicals, with each measurement taking up to 20 minutes to complete. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a chemical-free and fast solution (under one minute) for determination of isocyanate content.

Rapid quality control for toothpaste is achieved by Metrohm`s Vis-NIR analyzers. Vis-NIR technology offers significant advantages compared to standard reference analysis. It is a cost effective and safe method because no hazardous chemicals are used.

This Application Note describes a fast method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine and glycerin in liquid mixtures used for electronic cigarettes. With visible near infrared spectroscopy (VIS-NIRS), results are available without sample preparation, thus making VIS-NIRS highly suited for fast quality control.

Acid Number (AN) analysis of lubricants (ASTM D664) can be a lengthy and costly process due to usage of large amounts of chemicals and required cleaning steps of the analytical equipment between each measurement. This application note demonstrates that the XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient, fast alternative for the determination of the acid number of lubricants. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of AN in less than a minute.

Packaging has become an indispensable part in the food manufacturing process. To improve the appearance and properties of the packaging, a wide variety of coatings and inks are used. Different additives enhance rheological properties, control the wetting dispersion, or in the case of wax increase abrasion resistance. The regulations of these coatings in food packaging applications are very strict in some countries, creating the need for close monitoring of the production process.A fast, reliable, and simple to use solution for quantifying rheological additives and wax in such coatings is Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS). Both parameters are determined simultaneously by Vis-NIRS in less than a minute.

Water activity is an important parameter to measure for non-sterile pharmaceutical quality and stability. The OMNIS NIR Analyzer provides this data within seconds.

This Application Note shows how NIRS is used for the multiparameter analysis of dry matter, pH value, viscosity, and surfactant content in liquid laundry detergent.

Naphtha is the first petroleum product during the distillation process of crude oil or coal tar. It is primarily used as a base material for the production of gasoline or as a solvent. Accidental spills occur regularly at many locations throughout the world, leading to soil contamination.Investigation of contaminated sites is usually performed using gas chromatography, for which the soil sample has to be frozen, grinded, and subsequently extracted prior to the analysis. Using Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy such sample preparation steps are not necessary at all, making this method a viable, fast, and simple to use alternative.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a linear polymer, used in a variety of medical products (e.g. eye drops). Here, the degree of alcoholysis is an important index for the water solubility, viscosity, and adhesion of the product. The degree of alcoholysis is defined as the percentage of hydroxyl functional groups compared to the total functional groups accessible in the molecule. Conventional alcoholysis determination can take up to six hours per sample. Compared to the primary method, analysis with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) only takes one minute. The following application note describes the determination of the degree of alcoholysis by NIRS.

Caprolactam is an important polymer used for the production of Nylon 6, which is the base material for industrial fibers. Due to its commercial significance, many different synthesis methods have been developed over the years. Caprolactam is hygroscopic and water soluble, therefore it is important to have a reliable analysis technique for water determination. Analyzing the water content by conventional methods requires each sample to be weighed, dissolved, heated, and titrated. Compared to the primary method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers unique advantages: it generates reliable results within seconds, but it does not need any sample preparation nor does it create chemical waste.

The quantification of residual moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical peptides is an important measure for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. For development purposes, such measurements are necessary and routinely performed during stability studies and to optimize the freeze-drying process (lyophilization). Currently, Karl Fischer titration is widely used for moisture determination in routine analysis. However, this method is time consuming and destroys the sample during analysis. This Application Note shows that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, reagentless, non-destructive method to determine moisture content in lyophilized pharmaceutical products.

Moisture content is one of the most commonly measured properties of fertilizers. Globally, regulations for different fertilizers vary, but local legal limits ensure that the maximum amount of water must not be exceeded. Next to gravimetric methods, Karl Fischer titration is often used for accurate moisture determination.Compared to these methods, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers unique advantages: it generates reliable results within seconds, and at the same time does not create chemical waste. This Application Note explains how NIRS can offer fast, reagent-free analysis of moisture content in various fertilizer products.

The cetane index (ASTM D613), flash point (ASTM D56), cold filter plug point (CFPP) (ASTM D6371), D95 (ISO 3405), and viscosity at 40°C (ISO 3104) are key parameters to determine for diesel quality. The primary test methods are labor intensive and challenging due to the need to use different analytical methods. This application note demonstrates that the NIRS XDS RapidLiquid Analyzer provides a cost-efficient and fast solution (under 1 minute) for the simultaneous determination of these key parameters in diesel.

Determination of the density of polyethylene (PE) (ASTM D792) is normally a challenging procedure due to reproducibility difficulties. Measurement via FT-IR can be problematic when larger sample sizes must be analyzed due to sample inhomogeneity. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a reliable and fast solution for determination of the density of PE. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows the analysis of larger, inhomogeneous sample sizes of PE in less than a minute.

Polypropylene (PP) is a general purpose resin widely used in industries such as electronic manufacturing and construction, as well as in packaging materials. PP resins must be melted first in order to be formed into the intended shape, and therefore flow properties are important characteristics which affect the production process. The standard procedure to analyze melt flow rate (MFR) requires a significant amount of work with packing the sample, preheating, and cleaning. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows the analysis of MFR in less than a minute.

Identification of individual polymers with FT-IR spectroscopy can be a challenge due to sample inhomogeneity especially when larger sample sizes need to be analyzed. This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a reliable and fast solution for the identification of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP). With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows the identification of larger inhomogeneous sample amounts in less than a minute.

Determination of the vinyl content of silicone rubber is a lengthy and challenging process. First, the vinyl groups must be converted to ethylene by reacting with an acid, followed by the determination of the produced ethylene with gas chromatography (GC).This application note demonstrates that Vis-NIR (visible near-infrared) spectroscopy provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for the determination of vinyl content in silicone rubbers. With the DS2500 Solid Analyzer it is possible to obtain results in less than a minute without sample preparation or any chemical reagents.

The quality control of diesel exhaust fluids (DEF) is key to ensure the optimal catalytic performance and prevent damage to the exhaust system in diesel vehicles. The standard method to determine urea content is measuring the refractive index (ISO 22241-2:2019). The issue is that although this method is fast, it is not as accurate as other methods (e.g., HPLC). This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Liquid Analyzer provides a fast solution with high accuracy for the determination of urea in DEF. With no sample preparation or chemicals needed, visible near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy allows for the analysis of diesel exhaust fluids in less than a minute.

Safe and fast ethanol determination in hand sanitizers is possible with reagent-free near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS provides reliable results in a few seconds, quickly indicating when adjustments in formulation are necessary.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a popular natural remedy from the cannabis plant used in many pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic products. Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD is not psychoactive, making it an appealing option for those who are looking for relief from pain and other symptoms without mind-altering effects. CBD oil is made by extracting the cannabinoid from the plant, then diluting it with a carrier oil (e.g., coconut or hemp seed oil). The standard HPLC method requires 45 minutes to perform by highly trained analysts. In contrast to the primary method, Vis-NIR spectroscopy is a cost-efficient and fast analytical solution for the determination of cannabinoid content in edible oils.

In the semiconductor industry, thermoset resins combined with fabric or paper are used as an intermediate layer between substrates of printed circuit boards (PCB). These polymer-based sheets (laminates) are chosen depending on thickness and their thermomechanical and electrical characteristics. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, non-destructive and easy-to-use analytical method which allows the measurement of multiple key quality parameters in less than a minute. The following Application Note describes the determination of the transition time of PCB laminates by NIRS, a parameter correlating with the thickness, glass transition temperature, and tensile strength of the material.

Fast and reliable detection of phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrofluoric acids with near-infrared spectroscopy in under one minute.

This application note discusses an alternative near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy method that can reliably determine all parameters within a minute, even in complex acid mixtures.

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) foils with a PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride) coating are often used for high performance packaging films like pharmaceutical blister packs or in food packaging. In multi-layer blister films, the PVC serves as the thermoformable backbone structure, whereas the PVDC coating acts as a barrier against moisture and oxygen. The Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) are influenced by the composition and the thickness of the coating. A fast way to monitor PVDC coating thickness is with near-infrared spectroscopy. Results are provided in a few seconds, indicating when adjustments in the polymer production process are necessary.

The production of biofuels from renewable feedstock has grown immensely in the past several years. Bioethanol is one of the most interesting alternatives for fossil fuels, since it can be produced from raw materials rich in sugars and starch. Ethanol fermentation is one of the oldest and most important fermentation processes used in the biotechnology industry. Although the process is well-known, there is a great potential for its improvement and a proportional reduction in production costs. Due to the seasonal variation of feedstock quality, ethanol producers to need to monitor the fermentation process to ensure the same quality product is achieved. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers rapid and reliable prediction of ethanol content, sugars, Brix, lactic acid, pH, and total solids at any stage of the fermentation process.

This application note presents near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as an alternative for bromine number determination in pyrolysis gasoline.

This application note presents near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the rapid and reliable simultaneous quantification of ethanol, glycerol, hydrogen peroxide, and water content in hand sanitizer formulations.

This Application Note highlights near-infrared spectroscopy as a faster, cost-effective alternative to KF titration for predicting water content in diesel fuel.

Alkaline additives in engine lubricants are used to prevent the build-up of acids and as a result, they inhibit corrosion. The total base number (TBN) indicates the amount of basic additives present in samples and thus can be used as a measure for the degradation of the lubricant. The standard test method for TBN in lubricants is potentiometric titration according to ASTM D2896. This method requires the use of toxic reagents involves a labor-intensive cleaning procedure. In contrast to the primary method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast analytical technique which does not produce any chemical waste and completes the TBN analysis in less than one minute.

To monitor the quality of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), it is important to measure the molecular weight during the production process, as this parameter has a significant influence on chemical and mechanical stability as well as fire retardant properties. The standard method to determine PVC molecular weight, defined here as the average weight of the molecules that make up the polymer, is by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). This analytical method is time-intensive and requires trained personnel to perform. Determining the molecular weight of PVC is easier with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS provides results in just a few seconds and can quickly indicate when adjustments to the production process are necessary.are necessary.

Cell fermentation processes are a reliable production method for small molecules and protein-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The fermentation process requires monitoring of many different parameters to ensure optimal production. These quality parameters include pH, bacterial content, potency, glucose, and concentration of reducing sugars. Traditional laboratory analysis takes a significant amount of time and requires different analytical techniques to monitor these different quality parameters. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a faster and more cost-efficient alternative to traditional methods for the determination of critical parameters in fermentation broths at any stage of the fermentation process.

The standard test method for ash content analysis is thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Although TGA is easy to perform, it is time-intensive and requires the use of nitrogen gas. In contrast to the primary method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast analytical technique which can measure multiple parameters including ash content in polymers within one minute.

Typically, cannabis potency testing is performed by HPLC, but the drawback is that it requires chemicals and it is time-consuming. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a preferred method for quantification of THC, CBD and CBG in dried cannabis because it provides results in less than a minute and does not require any chemicals.

This Application Note shows the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy for the analysis of density in polyethylene granulates. Compared to the standard method, NIRS analysis shows a lower prediction error when air bubbles are present in PE pellets.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free analysis method for various quality parameters of chocolate bars without sample preparation. The NIRS solution is easy to use and can be used atline or in a quality control lab.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of density, water activity, and moisture of green coffee beans.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free alternative analytical technology for caffeine and moisture analysis in roasted coffee beans and grounds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows the simultaneous determination of sweeteners such as Stevia and sucralose in blends in less than one minute without any chemicals or sample preparation.

The synthetic rubber known as Bromobutyl (BIIR) has many of the attributes of butyl rubber, but has better adhesion to other rubbers and metals, resulting in substantially faster cure rates. The simultaneous quantification of the bromine content, Mooney viscosity, volatile content, calcium stearate content, and functional bromide in BIIR can be easily performed with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) without the use of chemicals.

NIRS enables rapid, chemical-free analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Brix in fruit juices without sample prep, offering a fast alternative to traditional methods.

Key quality parameters in the food industry include sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and Brix (dissolved sugar content). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows fast simultaneous determination of multiple sugars without chemicals or any sample preparation.

Brix, Pol, juice purity, reducing sugars, and total recoverable sugars are some of the many quality control (QC) parameters that must be analyzed in sugarcane juice. An alternative to other analytical methods is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS allows the fast, simultaneous determination of several QC constituents without chemicals or sample preparation.

Near-infrared spectroscopy can quickly determine multiple edible oil quality parameters simultaneously without sample preparation as shown in this Application Note.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is able to determine the intrinsic viscosity of rPET in less than one minute without any sample preparation. This Application Note demonstrates that the Metrohm DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) offers users an easier way to perform this analysis without the use of toxic chemicals.

The standard method to determine RON in isomerate is with expensive and maintenance-intensive engines. In contrast to this, the research octane number can also be analyzed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS provides accurate results within one minute without the need for any sample preparation or chemicals.

The determination of key quality parameters of reformate—namely research octane number (RON, ASTM D2699-19), aromatic content (ASTM D5769-15), benzene content, olefin content, and density—requires time-consuming and laborious conventional methods. In contrast, the Metrohm DS2500 Liquid Analyzer can measure all of these parameters, providing results within one minute without any sample preparation.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quickly assesses key quality parameters in palm oil such as iodine value and fatty acid profile without sample preparation.

Monitoring the iodine value in edible oil blends is crucial to produce vegetable oils with the desired properties. This Application Note displays the benefit of using the Metrohm NIRS DS2500 Liquid Analyzer for quality control in food laboratories.

Conventional methods used to analyze moisture, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile content in coal samples, are time consuming and costly. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is excellently suited to determine all parameters simultaneously in less than one minute without any sample preparation.

This Application Note demonstrates how the OMNIS NIR Analyzer Solid quickly determines the cotton content in various textile products within just 30 seconds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy streamlines ethylene tetrafluoroethylene production by offering rapid, chemical-free analysis of melt flow rate and moisture content.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can determine water content in PGME (propylene glycol monomethyl ether) within seconds as shown in this Application Note.

This Application Note shows how easy it is to determine water content in the pharmaceutical excipient lactose with reagent-free near-infrared spectroscopy.

NIR spectroscopy offers fast, chemical-free analysis of ash, protein, moisture, and rheological properties in flour – ideal for routine lab or atline quality control.

Polypropylene and polyethylene can pose recycling challenges. With near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), users receive polyolefin composition results in seconds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a fast, solvent-free alternative to traditional methods for assessing olive oil quality and detecting potential food fraud.

Determination of the biodiesel content in diesel with NIR spectroscopy is fast and requires no sample preparation nor chemicals, reducing workload and costs.

NIR spectroscopy enables fast, reagent-free analysis of fat, moisture, protein, fiber, ash, and starch in animal feed, streamlining quality control with no sample prep.

Near-infrared spectroscopy saves time and resources by simultaneously measuring key quality parameters like lactose, moisture, fat, and protein content in milk powder.

This study shows how a pre-calibrated NIRS instrument is used for multiparameter analysis of several pet food quality indicators like protein, moisture, fat, and ash.

NIRS can simultaneously measure several quality parameters in hops like cohumulone, hop oils, and moisture content, the hop storage index (HSI), and alpha and beta acids.

NIR spectroscopy enables fast, reliable analysis of key quality parameters in alfalfa forage (e.g., protein, fiber, and moisture) without any sample preparation.

This Application Note shows how NIR spectroscopy is used to determine the water content (moisture content), protein content, and fat content in whole and ground almonds.

The content of organic matter, limestone, silt, clay, and sand, along with pH value and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil can be determined in seconds with NIRS.

This study shows how NIR spectroscopy simultaneously measures capsaicin content, Scoville Heat Units, water activity, ASTA color, and ash content in paprika powder samples.

NIR spectroscopy can measure several honey quality parameters simultaneously in just a few seconds without any sample preparation as shown in this Application Note.

This Application Note shows how near-infrared spectroscopy is used for fast, chemical-free multiparameter quality control of fabric softeners and laundry perfumes.

NIR spectroscopy is an alternative method for olive pomace fat analysis. Unlike other conventional methods, NIRS requires no sample preparation nor chemical solvents.

NIR spectroscopy measures ice cream quality parameters like total solids, fat content, lactose, protein percentage, sucrose content, and calories in seconds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can simultaneously determine different quality parameters in deodorants like viscosity, pH, density, and aluminum content.

NIRS simultaneously measures important quality parameters in whey permeate (i.e., ash, phosphate, lactose, protein, pH, and moisture) without any sample preparation.

Ethanol content can be quickly and easily determined in different wines during fermentation and afterwards for quality control using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Polyurethanes are a class of synthetic polymers formed by reacting liquid di/polyisocyanates and polyols with a catalyst and various additives in a reactor. Polymer properties are modified with stepwise additions of these chemicals at different points in time depending on whether the process has reached an equilibrium. NCO functional groups from unreacted isocyanates must be quenched at the end for a finished product, and this parameter must be known to determine the proper chemical mixing ratio. A fast, non-destructive real-time measurement of %NCO can be obtained by using NIR spectroscopy with a probe seated directly in the reactor.

A safer way to monitor moisture content in crude distillation unit overhead fractions is with inline near-infrared spectroscopy using the 2060 The NIR-Ex Analyzer.

This Process Application Note provides a detailed account of the inline assessment of moisture during a pilot scale granulation process using a 2060 The NIR Analyzer.

In the pharmaceutical industry, the fluid bed granulator/dryer is an integral point in the manufacture of powdered materials. Residual moisture must be kept within certain specifications to avoid fracturing of particles or caking (stickiness) of the bulk material. Current methods are slow and cumbersome, which can lead to damaged or degraded product. The ability to monitor the residual moisture content inline after drying is possible with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The 2060 The NIR Analyzer offers fast, reagent-free, nondestructive analysis of residual moisture of powders with a fluid bed probe specifically designed for these applications.

This Process Application Note presents a method to closely monitor low levels of moisture in propylene oxide safely and reliably by using a single explosion-proof inline process analyzer.

In refineries, high octane products are desired since they are used to produce premium gasoline. Catalytic reforming converts heavy naphtha into a high octane liquid product called reformate (a mixture of aromatics and iso-paraffins C7 to C10). The reformate must be constantly monitored to ensure high throughput along the refining process. Traditionally, the octane numbers can be measured by two different methodologies: Inferred Octane Models (IOM) and laboratory octane engine analysis. However, these do not provide «real-time» results and require constant maintenance and human intervention to adapt to current operation conditions. «Real-time» analysis of the octane number in fuels can be performed online via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology, which fits well within the international standards (ASTM). Utilization of a Metrohm Process Analytics NIRS XDS Process Analyzer (ATEX version) in conjunction with a sample preconditioning system makes analysis of the octane number simple, fast, and reliable, allowing quick adjustments to the process for a better quality product and higher profitability.

This Process Application Note presents a way to closely monitor multiple parameters simultaneously during the dioctyl terephthalate production process with near-infrared spectroscopy.

Rapid inline monitoring of the major SC1/SC2 bath constituents is possible with reagent-free near-infrared spectroscopy, e.g., the 2060 The NIR-R Analyzer.

Many fermentation quality parameters can be monitored simultaneously directly in the tank with inline near-infrared spectroscopy, such as the 2060 The NIR Analyzer.

This Process Application Note presents a method to accurately monitor low levels of moisture in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in «real-time» safely, reliably, and optimally with a 2060 The NIR Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics. Due to the hazardous and hygroscopic nature of THF, a single explosion-proof inline process analyzer is the preferred solution for industries to reduce chemical treatment, improve product quality, and increase profits.

Adulteration in the food industry is a significant concern due to potential health risks and changes in product quality and nutrition. Detecting such adulteration is challenging, however, to ensure high-quality products, precise measurements during the manufacturing process are essential for identifying any contamination in raw materials and final products. This Process Application Note details the inline analysis of potato starch in the wheat flour manufacturing process with a 2060 The NIR Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

Etching is a vital process in semiconductor fabrication, involving the chemical removal of layers from the wafer substrate. Strict quality control measures are necessary to determine acid etchant concentrations in mixed acid solutions (e.g., SPM, DSP, or DSP+), critical for optimizing etch rate, selectivity, and uniformity during multiple wafer etching steps. This application presents a method to measure sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide in etching baths simultaneously using Raman spectroscopy with the PTRam Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

Boric acid is growing in demand for various industrial applications, but requires a more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly production process. This Application Note describes the performance of a Raman process analyzer (PTRam) when measuring low-concentration boric acid and sodium sulfate solutions (<100 mg/L) during boric acid production.

Accurate analysis of complexing agents in galvanic baths is possible with inline Raman spectroscopy. This Application Note shows an example using a 2060 Raman Analyzer.