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In the absence of the application of an additional technique for detection purposes, analysis techniques based on separations such as chromatography cannot be used as complete, quantifying analysis methods. The selection of the detection principle is thereby determined by the requirements of the selected separation principle and by the properties of the analytes and/or of the matrix. For ion chromatography, the answer to the question of the detector is, as a rule, "conductivity detection". The detection variants that differ from the conductivity detector are to be described and compared in brief under the term "Advanced detection techniques". These range from UV/VIS detection through electrochemical detection principles to modern atom spectrometry and mass spectrometry detectors.

The monograph comprises 77 method descriptions for the determination of compounds in various plating bath types as well as in effluents.

The Monograph contains a collection of experiments that illustrate some of the essential principles of electrochemical analysis. Experiments were carried out using the 910 PSTAT mini potentiostat and disposable screen-printed electrodes.

The monograph describes the fundamentals of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) against the backdrop of industrial manufacturing processes. After a theoretical introduction, a comparison between other methods of molecular spectroscopy (MIR, Raman), and the fundamentals of chemometrics, the monograph focuses on NIRS applications in various manufacturing processes. A glossary and a reference list complete the monograph.

Raman spectroscopy is an outstandingly simple analysis method which permits the non-destructive determination of liquids and solids within seconds. Every IR-active substance provides a characteristic spectrum that can be used to ensure its unambiguous determination.The monograph on Raman spectroscopy describes the theory, the spectrometer, the various Raman techniques (e.g., Orbital-Raster-Scan (ORS)), data processing and chemometrics. In addition, various applications from different branches of industry are presented. The monograph is rounded off with a glossary and a comprehensive bibliography.

This monograph is primarily intended for educational purposes, although it can be helpful in any laboratory. It is intended to communicate fundamental principles in a simple manner and use examples to show how versatile and precise titrimetric analyses are.

Nowadays, together with acid/base, redox, and precipitation titrations, complexometric titrations are the most frequently used titrimetric methods of analysis, and are recommended in many international standards and directives. This monograph is intended to familiarize you in a short time with complexometric titration. The examples taken from everyday practice and the alphabetized terms and definitions are provided to facilitate this purpose.

This monograph provides detailed information on the principles, techniques, and applications of ion chromatography.

Content:• Sample preparation techniques for ion chromatography - an overview (Dr. W. Frenzel)• Solid-phase extraction as a sample preparation technique (Prof. Dr. A. Seubert)• Inline techniques for IC sample preparation (Dr. H. Schäfer)• Dialysis as an automatable sample preparation technique for ion chromatography (Dr. W. Frenzel)• Extraction techniques as sample preparation methods for IC (G. Bogenschütz)• Conventional digestion techniques in ion analysis with IC (J. Schäfer)• Quality assurance measures in concentration determinations with sample preparation techniques (Prof. Dr. A. Seubert)• Description of practical experiments (G. Bogenschütz)

We all need pure, healthy and clean water. The most diverse regulations and guideline have been developed worldwide and given rise to an independent branch of analytical science. The aim of this monograph is to show you which parameters and water constituents can be analyzed with Metrohm instruments.

The fully revised and updated second edition of the monograph «Ion Chromatography» provides an in-depth exploration of the theory and practical applications of ion chromatography.

This monograph gives readers a complete overview of pH measurement from A – Z and offers useful tips and tricks for the handling of electrodes as well as devices.

Sampling and sample preparation are crucial for voltametric trace analysis, as they strongly influence the accuracy and reproducibility of the analysis. This monograph presents a collection of the lectures held at a seminar in 1990 on the topic of «Sample preparation techniques in voltammetric trace analysis». The following lectures are included:Overview of decomposition techniques in voltametric trace analysis; Decomposition of foods and biomatrices by “acid extraction”; Wet digestion (H2SO4/H2O2) in food analysis; Sample pretreatment technique for subsequent decomposition methods; Low-pressure plasma ashing in the trace analysis of voltammetrically relevant metals; Pressure decomposition in voltammetry – problems and solutions; Voltammetric analysis of heavy metals in biomatrices following pressure decomposition with after-treatment; Download the monograph to gain practical insights into sample preparation techniques for voltammetric trace analysis.

This monograph provides a detailed exploration of voltammetry, an analytical technique used in chemistry and biochemistry for trace analysis.The monograph is organized around 13 experiments that demonstrate the use of voltammetry in various analytical contexts. It includes fundamental experiments to understand the influence of various parameters on the measurement as well as example analyses for nickel, selenium, molybdenum, bismuth, and organic compounds such as ascorbic acid.Download the monograph to gain practical insights into the field of voltammetry and its applications in analytical chemistry.

Stripping voltammetry is a sensitive electroanalytical method used for trace metal analysis. The analyte is first preconcentrated on the surface of the working electrode. Next, the analyte is then stripped from the electrode by oxidation or reduction. This step generates the analytical signal, which is proportional to the amount of analyte in the sample.Key take-aways:Basic working principle of stripping voltammetry: Learn about the theoretical background and the different steps involved in the analysis.; Multi-element analysis: Learn which points need to be considered for multi-element analyses.; Influencing factors: Learn how salts, surfactants, organic solvents, and temperature affect stripping voltammetry.; For more comprehensive and practical knowledge of stripping voltammetry, download the monograph.

Along with gravimetry, titration is one of the oldest analytical methods. It continues to hold significant relevance even with the introduction of numerous other analytical techniques. This sustained importance is attributed not only to the method's unique advantages but also to the significant advancements in instrumental titration. Innovations in sensor technology and high-resolution motorized burets have driven substantial progress in the methodology and automation of titrimetric determinations.This monograph provides a comprehensive overview of modern titration. Key points include:Sample preparation: For titration, samples must be in solution. Sample preparation not only includes digestion and decomposition methods, but also pretreatment methods to increase selectivity.; Basic principles of titrimetric analyses: Learn about the basic requirements for titration, common titrants, and the influence of the titration solvent.; Indication methods: The most common indication methods used in titration are discussed: potentiometric, amperometric and voltametric, conductometric, and photometric indication.; Performing titrations: Learn about the different titration modes offered by modern titrators to add titrants.; For more comprehensive and practical knowledge of modern titrimetric analysis, download the monograph.

The non-aqueous titration of acids and bases is particularly useful for substances that are insoluble or unstable in water. This monograph is intended to help chemists decide which solvents, electrodes, titrants, and instruments are the most suitable for their particular application.Key points presented are:Solvents: A list of commonly used titration solvents is provided along with their field of use.; Example titration of acids: Comparison of different electrodes, solvents, and titrants for selected acids to see the influence of the different parameters.; Example titration of bases: Comparison of different electrodes, solvents, and titrants for selected bases to see the influence of the different parameters.; Download the monograph gain practical insights into non-aqueous titration of acids and bases.

Textbooks about electrochemistry are indispensable tools for every scientist. However, Prof. Dr. G. Henze does not want to add yet another one to the extensive list. Instead, the basics are reduced to cover topics that are most relevant for polarographic and voltammetric trace analysis.In just 60 pages, the most important current measurement techniques are described in an illustrative matter with self-explanatory figures. The monograph is recommended for everyone who wants to know more about trace analysis using polarography and stripping voltammetry.Key highlights include:Direct current polarography: Learn about the simplest polarographic method, the components of the current flowing through the working electrode, and the Ilkovič equation that describes the relationship between diffusion current and analyte concentration.; Pulse methods like square-wave polarography, normal pulse polarography, and differential pulse polarography enhance sensitivity and reduce interference compared to direct polarography.; Stripping methods are the most efficient electrochemical techniques for trace analysis and species analysis. They can be divided into anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV), and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV).; Chapters about instrumentation and sample preparation conclude the monograph.Download the monograph to learn more about trace analysis using polarography and stripping voltammetry.

Potentiometry is an analytical method that allows for rapid and simple analyses by measuring the potential difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode. This monograph serves as a practical guide about the different electrodes used in potentiometry, such as titrations or ion-selective measurements. The first part explains the theory behind potentiometry. The second part presents different types of electrodes and provides practical tips for electrode handling.Key take-aways:Basics of potentiometry: Learn about the setup of a potentiometric measurement system and the Nernst equation, which provides the theoretical background for potentiometric measurements.; Ion-selective electrodes: Learn about the various ion-sensitive electrodes (ISEs) used in potentiometry, and the different membrane types (glass membranes, crystal membranes, or polymer membranes) used to measure various ions.; The pH-electrode is the most common ion-selective electrode. Learn about the working principle of a pH electrode and practical tips for calibration, troubleshooting, and maintenance.; Metal electrodes are used for redox measurements and precipitation titrations with silver. Get tips on how to store and clean these kinds of electrodes.; Reference electrodes: Learn about the important points to consider when selecting a reference electrode, like the diaphragm or double junction electrodes.; For more comprehensive and practical knowledge of potentiometry, download the monograph.

Measuring water content is an essential technique for most laboratories, on par with pH measurement, weighing, and acid-base titration. The main techniques for determining water content are drying methods (such as drying ovens or infrared balances) and the Karl Fischer (KF) titration, known for its specificity and speed. This monograph provides readers a comprehensive guide to the Karl Fischer titration method.Key points presented are:Learn about Karl Fischer reagents and the chemical reaction behind the Karl Fischer titration.; Volumetry and coulometry are the two methods used in Karl Fischer titration. Learn about their differences and when to use which method.; Side reactions can affect the accuracy of KF titrations. Learn about the different interfering substances and suitable measures to suppress the side reactions.; Sample preparation is essential for accurate water determination. Techniques presented include solvent extraction and homogenization.; Applications: KF titration is used for water determination in various samples, including raw materials, cosmetics, drugs, foodstuffs, biological samples, petrochemical products, plastics, paints, lacquers, solvents, and gaseous samples.; For a comprehensive overview of practical Karl Fischer titration knowledge, download the monograph.

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This monograph provides a practical introduction to Conductometry – Conductivity measurements. It combines theoretical knowledge with practical advice to facilitate the effective use of conductometry in scientific and industrial settings.

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