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The analytical challenge treated in the present work consists in the determination of chloride, phosphate and sulfate in the presence of difficult sample matrices that interact with the stationary column phase or even render it unusable. Metrohm`s patented stopped-flow dialysis coupled to the new 881 Compact IC pro ion chromatograph overcomes these drawbacks. Two standard solutions covering the concentration ranges 1.0…3.6 mg/L and 10…36 mg/L as well as two samples, an ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk and a baby milk powder, were characterized in terms of analyte concentration, relative standard deviation, calibration quality, carryover and recovery rates. While the five-point calibration curves yielded correlation coefficients (R) better than 0.9999, carryover (between two subsequent injections of a concentrated sample and a blank) was less than 0.49%. Recoveries for the low (10…36 mg/L) and high standard concentrations (1.0…3.6 mg/L) were within 91…99% and 94…100%, respectively. Automated compact stopped-flow dialysis is a leading-edge sample preparation technique that ensures optimum separation performance by effectively protecting the column from detrimental matrix compounds.

Available sample size, mass sensitivity, efficiency and the detector type are important criteria in the selection of separation column dimensions. Compared to conventional 4 mm i.d. columns, microbore columns excel, above all, by their low eluent consumption. Once an eluent is prepared, it can be used for a long time. Additionally, the lower flow rates of microbore columns facilitate the hyphenation to mass spectrometers due to the improved ionization efficiency in the ion source.With the same injected sample amount, a halved column diameter involves a lower eluent flow and results in an approximate four-fold sensitivity increase. In a converse conclusion, this means that with less sample amount, microbore columns achieve the same chromatographic sensitivity and resolution than normal bore columns. This makes them ideally suited for samples of limited availability.

Metrohm`s intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) excels in its capacity to perform automatic ion chromatographic determinations over 6 orders of magnitude. Crucial requirements for this are the system`s intelligence and the exact measurement of the sample volume. While the intelligence allows to compare results and take decisions, the dosing device takes over the high-precision liquid handling of even single-digit microliter volumes to the preconcentration column. By using only one analytical setup and without additional rinsing, samples containing both ultratraces and high concentrations can be analyzed.As the other Metrohm Inline Techniques, the MiPCT-ME technique presented reduces the workload, ensures complete traceability, is free of carryover effects and significantly improves accuracy and reproducibility of the results.

Determination of chloride and sulfate in the presence of high nitrate concentrations. Optimization of the chromatographic separation by variation of the temperature and eluent composition.

The poster describes how different suppressors (MSM and MCS) work and mentions possible applications.

This poster presents an approach that couples a Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler (PILS) to a dual-channel ion chromatograph (IC) for measurement of aerosol anions and cations and a voltammetric measuring stand (VA) to determine the heavy metals. Feasibility of the PILS-IC-VA online system was demonstrated by collecting aerosol samples in Herisau Switzerland, at defined time intervals; air pollution events were simulated by burning lead- and cadmium-coated sparklers.

Nitrite can be determined polarographically after its conversion to diphenylnitrosamine (C6H5)2NNO. Potassium thiocyanate is used as a catalyst in order for the conversion to proceed rapidly and quantitatively. The reaction takes place in acid solution at a pH value of approx. 1.5. The limit of quantification is 5 μg/L NO2-.

This Bulletin describes the determination by ion chromatography of anions, particularly fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate using the Hamilton PRPX100 IC anion column without chemical suppression.

This application focuses on the simultaneous analysis of cations and suppressed anions with a dual channel Metrohm IC operated by OpenLab CDS.

Ion chromatography (IC) provides an automated, fast, and sensitive solution to accurately quantify cationic and anionic components including acetate simultaneously. This comprehensive approach makes IC an economic alternative to traditional techniques for the quality control of pharmaceutical solutions like haemodialysis concentrates. Ease-of use, accuracy, and the high-throughput of IC increase productivity and comply with the demands of modern routine and research labs.

This Application Note describes the determination of nitrite using thermometric endpoint titration with sulfamic acid. The nitrite content of a solution can be analyzed down to 0.2 mmol/L.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in an effluent sample using anion chromatography with direct conductometric detetction.

Determination of traces of nitrite, thiosulfate, and iodide using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode.

Determination of sulfite, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, imidodisulfonate, and peroxodisulfate using ion-pair chromatography with conductivity detection after suppression.

This Process Application Note deals with online measurements of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in wastewater treatment plants. These nitrogen compounds are analyzed simultaneously using a drift-free colorimetric measurement in a multi-parameter process analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

Measures to monitor or prevent corrosion are crucial in nuclear power plants, where significant risks to health and safety can occur if corrosion is left unchecked. Anions corrode metals under high temperature and pressure, therefore their concentrations must be monitored at all times. The analytical challenge in the primary circuit is detection of anions in the μg/L range alongside gram quantities of boric acid and lithium hydroxide. Precise, reliable trace analysis requires the method to be automated as much as possible. The 2060 IC Process Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics can measure several anions from a single injection, with combined Inline Preconcentration and Inline Matrix Elimination to measure low anion concentrations precisely and reliably time after time.

Water of the primary cycle of pressurized water reactors (PWR) contains boron for neutron absorption. The high borate content interferes with the direct analysis of trace anions. Inline Neutralization combined with variable preconcentration and Inline Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) allows to remove boron as boric acid before injection.

The combination of 940 Professional IC Vario, 942 Extension Module Vario LQH and 941 Eluent Preparation Module enables process monitoring with the aid of ion chromatography. Assigned the designation ProfIC Vario 12 Anion, this combination is the anion variant of Metrohm Process IC. Intelligent preconcentration technology with matrix elimination is used for sample preparation. The use of an ELGA PURELAB® Flex 6 guarantees the supply of ultrapure water of the highest quality, particularly in cases of high numbers of samples.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in cooling water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in surface water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in soil eluates using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in wastewater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of 1 (3) µg/L of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate after direct injection using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in cutting oil emulsion using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in rainwater using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Reproducibility of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in the ppb range using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chlorite and nitrite using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, and thiosulfate in colored liquors using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in water for infusion solution production using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in an electroplating bath after inline elimination of heavy metals by cation exchange on the 793 IC Sample Prep Module using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in Schoeniger absorption solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a meat extract (Na2B4O7) after Carrez clearing using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, and sulfate in PVC film using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of nitrite, nitrate, sulfite, and sulfate in wastewater containing high levels of chloride using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and after inline chloride removal.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, and sulfate in river water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, cyanate, azide, nitrate, chlorate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, and perchlorate in an extract of explosives using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, trimeta-, and pyrophosphate in tripolyphosphate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, thiosulfate, iodide, and citrate in a standard solution using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in cooling lubricants using anion chromatography with conductivity and UV detection (230 nm) after chemical suppression and inline sample preparation by dialysis.

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in a plant extract using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in betaine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate in inositol using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in wastewater containing N-methylpyrrolidone using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline matrix elimination.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and iodide in a mineral water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in a strongly alkaline solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, and sulfate in a used zinc bath using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in water from an agricultural irrigation system using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, selenite, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and selenate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of formate, chloride, nitrite, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Qualitative determination of chloride, phosphate, and sulfate as well as chlorite, nitrite, chlorate, bromide, and chromate in urine using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in a closed cooling water system using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of glycolate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and oxalate in engine coolant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Fast and reliable analysis of drinking water by combining EPA method 300.1 Parts A and B in a single IC run.

Determination of fluoride, glycolate, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in the primary cycle water of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression calibrated with Metrohm Inline Calibration.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, propionate, formate, butyrate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate, sulfate, malonate, and oxalate in an industrial process water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of the cross contamination of 100 mg/L of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate to ultrapure water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and inline ultrafiltration.

Determination of fluoride, hypophosphite, chlorite, bromate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, chlorate, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfate, arsenate, iodide, chromate, and perchlorate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after gradient elution and chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, hypophosphite, chlorite, bromate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, chlorate, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfate, and iodide using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in an ambient aerosol (PM2.5) using aerosol sampling with the PILS (Particle Into Liquid Sampler) and anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate in an E85 mixture (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) by means of anion chromatography with conductivity detection and sequential suppression. The Inline Matrix Elimination serves as sample preparation.

Calibration of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using intelligent partial loop injection technique and anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression. This technique allows a calibration range of 1:100 (e.g. 1 μg/L to 100 μg/L corresponding to 2 μL to 200 μL injected volume) out of 1 calibration solution. Applying the full range of partial loop injection to the samples one calibration covers a sample concentration range of 1 to 10'000.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate impurities in syringe filters using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate on a short column or the ions mentioned plus bromate and nitrite on a long column in water samples applying intelligent column-switching using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, and oxalate in a cooling lubricant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection and subsequent UV detection (see AN-U-047) after sequential suppression and Metrohm Inline Dialysis.

Determination of fluoride, formate, acetate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, and molybdate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and Metrohm Inline Dialysis.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, fumarate, and molybdate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, formate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, and molybdate in a coolant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and Metrohm Inline Dialysis.

The state-of-the-art tri-chamber suppressor technology provides a fresh suppressor chamber for each measurement. The complete regeneration of the chamber after each sample ensures highly efficient cation exchange – today, tomorrow, and even after years of continuous operation.The chromatograms as well as the statistical data demonstrate the outstanding reproducibility of the measurements with the Metrohm Suppressor Module.

Eluent preparation on demand (EPOD) is the convenient and flexible way of automatic eluent preparation. The 849 Level Control together with an 800 Dosino equipped with a 50 mL dosing unit are used to dilute an eluent concentrate to the final eluent concentration. The use of eluent concentrates is suitable for any type of eluent. This facilitates unattended operation of the system over several weeks (see AN C-134 for cation eluent preparation).

Ionic liquids, also denominated as «designer solvents», are organic salts that are liquid at low temperatures. They are powerful solvents, conduct the electric current, and are therefore used in many applications. Anions, in particular halogenides, are common byproducts in the manufacturing of ionic liquids. Therefore, their concentration has to be controlled.

VoltIC pro I is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu): comprehensive water analysis on a single system.

Metrohm Inline Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) is a powerful tool that combines preconcentration, matrix elimination, and multilevel calibration. The latter only requires a single multi-ion standard solution. The 800 Dosino takes over all liquid handling tasks. The shown system setup allows sample analysis from 0.1 µg/L up to 1.0 mg/L.

The determination of low nitrite concentrations in the presence of excess sodium chloride is demanding due to the small retention time difference of these two anions. Dual detection – conductivity and UV/VIS – is a powerful method for determining nitrite traces in a 20 g/L sodium matrix. The UV/VIS chromatogram displays no chloride interferences. The determination of ammonium traces in the presence of excess sodium is described in AN-C-145.

Cleanliness is indispensable in electronics production. Ionic contaminations in particular lead to a drastic worsening of the quality of the printed circuit boards. The present Application Note describes the determination of anions on printed circuit board surfaces. The intelligent Partial Loop Injection Technique (MiPT) used for this purpose permits the determination of cations and anions in the same sample. The determination of the cations is described in AN-C-149.

FDG gypsum originates from flue gas desulfurization systems in power plants. VGB-M 701 E (2008) describes aqueous extraction methods for determining chloride in FDG gypsum using ion chromatography. The sample preparation described in the VGB permits the determination of other anions besides chloride.

The Metrosep A Supp 5 microbore anion column is available in 150 and 250 mm lengths. For the two columns, the run times for separating the 7 standard anions are 20 and 29 minutes. In addition to the good separation properties and the short running times, microbore columns use approximately 75% less eluent than does their 4 mm counterpart.

The column stability of the microbore version of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/2.0 was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series each were run on six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the IC system ran over 12 weeks and counted a total of 2,650 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.

The stability of the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series each were run on six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the IC system ran over 10 weeks and counted a total of 2,150 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.

4-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is numbered among the hydroxycarboxylic acids and is used as a psychoactive drug which is illegal in many countries. GHB can be determined through anion chromatography with suppression. GHB can be separated from the standard anions and the organic acid anions glycolate, acetate and formate on the Metrosep A Supp 16 - 250/4.0 column and under the conditions specific in this Application Note.Key words: Liquid Ecstasy, KO drops

VoltIC Professional 1 is the perfect combination of voltammetry and ion chromatography for the fully automated, simultaneous analysis of anions, cations, and heavy metals (e.g., Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu). The multiple-parameter analysis uses the same "Liquid Handling" elements and a shared sample changer, thus saving on space and costs.

Ion chromatography (IC) is the method of choice to determine the concentration of common ions in water. This information is crucial as drinking water must meet certain standards to guarantee health (e.g., nitrite and nitrate), as well as technical suitability (e.g., corrosiveness of chloride and sulfate). The Eco IC is an ion chromatograph suitable for economical routine water analysis. Using an A Supp 17 anion column, the analysis of major anions in drinking waters is robust and can be performed at ambient temperatures without additional temperature conditioning.

The Eco IC is an entry-level instrument that is particularly suitable for routine operations and water analysis. It is equipped with a conductivity detector and can be used both with and without chemical suppression. This Application Note describes the determination of anion content with the Metrosep A Supp 17 - 250/4.0 column. This column model is particularly suitable for water analysis at room temperature.

Eltrombopag is a pharmaceutical agent used in certain conditions of thrombocytopenia. As such it is an orphan drug. The molecule of Eltrombopag is a protonated aromatic carboxyl compound. Under ion chromatography condition (alkaline eluent), it can be deprotonated and can thus block ion exchanger sites on the column. This results in decreasing retention times over time. To avoid this, Inline Matrix Elimination is applied, where the protonated Eltrombopag is washed off the preconcentration column before injection. Nitrite is then analyzed with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

EN ISO 10304-1 is one of the most important standards for the determination of the seven standard anions in water samples. Many other standards refer to EN ISO 10304-01 if anion determination by IC is required. This standard asks for a membrane filtration for samples to avoid bacteria and solids, if required. This application shows the determination of anions according EN ISO 10304-1 applying Inline Ultrafiltration. This setup avoids tedious manual sample filtration and handles any samples fully automatically.

Ultrapure chemicals are required in the semiconductor industry. Ionic impurities may lead to compromised products. This application describes the determination of anionic impurities in semiconductor grade 28% ammonium hydroxide solution. To avoid matrix disturbances, Inline Neutralization and Inline Preconcentration with Matrix Elimination needs to be applied.

The STREAM (suppressor treatment reusing eluent after measurement) is applied since quite some time. The suppressor rinsing with suppressed eluent is advantageous over ultrapure water rinsing: a smaller water dip, faster MSM equilibration, and the avoidance of an additional water supply are just a few. Injecting samples containing iron in the matrix under sulfuric acid regeneration yields reduced peak areas and broader peaks for phosphate. Switching to a regenerant based on sulfuric and oxalic acid allows full regeneration of the MSM. The overlay above shows three subsequently taken chromatograms after more than 300 injections of 10 mg/L iron(II) onto one single MSM chamber. No difference in peak shape or peak area is observed.

«High ionic water» is typically water containing a high concentration of chloride (e.g. seawater, brine), but this also describes water samples resulting from petrochemical processes. Due to the high chloride concentrations, the conductivity determination of minor ionic components is limited. Thus, minor anions like nitrite, bromide, and nitrate can elute under or on the tail of the large chloride peak, and their detection in low concentrations is hampered. However, combining conductivity and UV/VIS detection as described in ASTM D8234 enables the determination of anions that are UV active. Chloride does not interfere in this situation. The described technique enables the interference-free simultaneous determination of trace anions besides high chloride content.

ASTM D8234 describes the determination of anions in high saline water by applying suppressed conductivity followed by UV/VIS detection. This combination enables the determination of e.g. nitrite by UV detection. With conductivity detection, this quantification is not possible or difficult due to the very large chloride peak. The actual sample is a refining process liquid with a high chloride content. As the sample solution also contains organic material, Inline Dialysis is applied to protect the analytical column. The combination of the two detection modes and the Inline Dialysis option reduces manual sample preparation and substantially increases the accuracy of the analysis.

OpenLab CDS is the newest generation of chromatography data systems from Agilent, combining chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single software platform. The Metrohm IC Driver for OpenLab CDS integrates Metrohm IC instrumentation for full control and data acquisition. The present application describes the simultaneous analysis of anions and cations in a soft drink with a dual channel IC system. Eluent is prepared by applying Inline Eluent Production.

OpenLab CDS is the newest generation of chromatography data systems from Agilent. The Metrohm IC Driver 1.0 for OpenLab CDS implements Metrohm ion chromatographs in OpenLab CDS for full control and data acquisition. This application shows the use of a gradient (Dose-in Gradient) as well as Dosino Regeneration in OpenLab CDS. Fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and iodide in a standard solution are separated and determined.

Anions in diesel, especially biodiesel, may cause harmful deposits in the engine. Determination with ion chromatography requires the transfer of the diesel anions into an aqueous solution, injectable to the IC. A typical method to transfer the anions into water is via Inline Extraction with subsequent Inline Dialysis prior to the injection (see AN-C-101 for a respective analysis of cations). In the actual Matrix Elimination method, diesel diluted with isopropanol is injected into an isopropanol stream and passed through a preconcentration column. Isopropanol washes off the diesel, and a subsequent rinsing step with ultrapure water removes excess isopropanol.

Sulfamic acid is a reasonably strong acid, used in descaling agents and for cleaning of dairy and brewing equipment. Here, a chemical solution is analyzed for sulfamate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate. As the solution can also contain hydramine, sufficient separation from the ions of interest is required.

The semiconductor industry requires high-purity or even ultrahigh-purity chemicals for the production of electronic components. The purity of the chemicals is crucial for the quality and efficient production of the parts. Here, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hydroxide are analyzed applying traditional sample preparation methods like digestion and evaporation with subsequent reconstitution with ultrapure water. The received samples are injected applying intelligent Preconcentration Technique (MiPCT).

Forensic institutes examine terrorist attacks and warfare agents via trace detection analysis of the used explosives and their residuals. Of particular importance is the acquisition of «chemical fingerprints» for criminal investigation departments and governmental security agencies. Institutes for public health and environmental protection analyze such compounds that can contaminate the underlying soil and infiltrate ground water.Forensic investigation with ion chromatography (IC) using suppressed conductivity detection allows a sensitive and robust determination of anionic contaminants such as chlorate, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, and perchlorate next to the common inorganic anions over a broad concentration range.

As an alternative to titration, ion chromatography (IC) with suppressed conductivity detection has been approved by USP as validated method to quantify chloride content in NaCl tablets for solution or oral use.

In severe cases of cyanide poisoning, sodium nitrite is used along with sodium thiosulfate for treatment. This Application Note describes the nitrite ion chromatography assay with the Metrosep A Supp 4 column and suppressed conductivity detection. This column equivalency study was in cooperation with the USP according to the USP General Chapter <621>.

Nitrosamine presence in medicines, even at trace level poses high safety risks to patients (carcinogenic). Nitrosamine formation can be avoided by controlling and monitoring the nitrite concentration in pharmaceutical products and substances. This Application Note describes the analysis of nitrite in duloxetine hydrochloride with ion chromatography (IC).

Nitrosamine formation can be avoided by controlling the nitrite concentration in pharmaceutical products and processes. To monitor nitrosamine formation, sensitive analytical methods such as ion chromatography for the determination of nitrite in pharmaceutical products and substances are essential.

N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is crucial for lithium-ion battery production. Metrohm’s intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination enables µg/L-level anion analysis in NMP.

The Metrosep A Supp 21 column and 948 Continuous IC Module, CEP enable efficient, automated single-run analysis of major anions and disinfection byproducts in water.

Determination of nitrite in aqueous solutions by potentiometric back-titration of the added permanganate excess with ammonium iron(II) sulfate using the Pt-Titrode.

Determination of iodate, chlorite, bromate, and nitrite using suppressed anion chromatography with UV/VIS detection after post-column reaction.

Determination of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate in seawater from a shrimp farm using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and subsequent UV/VIS detection.

Determination of nitrite in mineral water using anion chromatography with UV detection.

Determination of nitrite, bromide, nitrate, and iodide in 10 g/L sodium chloride using anion chromatography with UV detection.

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in a cooling lubricant using anion chromatography with conductivity detection (see AN S-274) and subsequent UV detection after sequential suppression and Metrohm Inline Dialysis.

Seawater analysis with conductivity detection is difficult due to the high excess of chloride. Especially analyzing for nitrite and bromide, UV/VIS detection is preferred as chloride is not interfering with nitrite at 218 nm. This AN shows the determination of all three UV-absorbing anions in an artificial seawater.

Ion chromatography trace analysis of anions in seawater is difficult, due to the high chloride concentrations. In contrast to chloride, nitrite, bromide and nitrate absorb UV radiation in the low wavelength range, thus enabling a UV detection of these three anions. This Application Note describes the separation on a column of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 100/4.0 type with a sodium chloride eluent. This minimizes the influence of the surplus chloride and enables low detection limits.

Nitrite in tobacco facilitates the release of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Most of these nitrosamines are carcinogenic. Therefore, the determination of nitrite in tobacco is required. This application describes the determination of nitrite and nitrate in acetic acid extracts of tobacco. The ion chromatographic separation is followed by UV/VIS detection after sequential suppression.

Nitrite and nitrate salts are used as preservatives for meat and meat products. Nitrate salts (labeled E 251 or E 252) have a low toxicity but long-term exposure is of concern, as the lower gut reduces them to nitrite, a precursor of nitrosamines (classified as carcinogenic). Nitrite itself is classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) lists the MPL (maximum permitted levels) after the manufacturing process for nitrite (labeled E 249 or E 250) as between 50–180 mg/kg, and for nitrate between 150–300 mg/kg, depending on the product. The European Commission (Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008) limits nitrate and nitrite salts in processed meat to less than 150 mg/kg. Ion chromatography with UV detection offers a robust and universal method for quality control of nitrite and nitrate in different meat matrices. Additional sample preparation techniques like Inline Ultrafiltration help to save time and costs as well as overcome analysis issues with difficult sample matrices.

This article describes the composition of atmospheric inorganic gases and aerosols in the Southeast and Northwest of the United States during a time period of several weeks. The semicontinuous sampling in hourly cycles takes place using the MARGA system from Metrohm Applikon. The temporal resolution of the aerosol and gas composition makes it possible to generate statements regarding the chemical origin and hygroscopicity of the particles. These are fundamental for rating the influence of aerosols on the climate.

This article describes a simple method for the determination of seven standard anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate) in accordance with US EPA Method 300 Part A. An IC system is extended to include Inline Ultrafiltration and Inline Eluent Preparation for the analysis.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ion Chromatography (IC) are commonly used in the pharma, food, and environmental sectors to analyze samples for specific components and to verify compliance with norms and standards. However, users of HPLC may run into the limitations of this technique, e.g., when analyzing standard anions or certain pharmaceutical impurities. This white paper outlines how such challenges can be overcome with IC.

Ion chromatography mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is a powerful tool that can handle many challenging analytical tasks which cannot be performed adequately by IC alone. IC-MS is a robust, sensitive, and selective technique used for the determination of polar contaminants like inorganic anions, organic acids, haloacetic acids, oxyhalides, or alkali and alkaline earth metals. After separation of the sample components via IC, mass selective detection guarantees peak identity with low detection limits. The inclusion of automated Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation (MISP) allows not only water samples, but also chemicals, organic solvents, or post-explosion residues to be readily analyzed without need for extensive manual laboratory work. This White Paper explains the benefits of IC-MS over IC in certain cases, the hyphenation of IC and different MS systems, as well as related norms and standards.

Free white paper gives comprehensive overview of how to reliably assess the quality of infant formula with ion chromatography.

This White Paper compares automated Inline Ultrafiltration and Inline Dialysis to the traditional Carrez clarification procedure for the analysis of milk samples by ion chromatography (IC). A continuous test series over approximately six months proved Inline Dialysis to be a reliable and valuable alternative to treat dairy products prior to IC analysis.