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Determination of zinc, sodium, ammonium, and manganese in the presence of magnesium and calcium in an extract of a zinc compound using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of magnesium, manganese, and zinc in a zinc sulfate solution using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Copper concentrate is an important raw material for copper mills. The concentrate is often contaminated with corrosive fluorine, which is why the fluorine concentration must be checked at regular intervals. A convenient and reliable determination method is Combustion IC in combination with sacrificing vial technology. The sample is placed inside the quartz combustion pipe in a horizontally positioned quartz vial, both ends of which are sealed with glass wool. During combustion, the quartz-destroying components (e.g., fluoride, alkali and earth alkali metals) that are released are captured by the quartz vial and the quartz wool, ensuring that they are thus unable to reach the quartz combustion pipe at all.Keyword: pyrohydrolysis

The determination of heavy metal ions in a solution is one of the most successful application of electrochemistry. In this application note, anodic stripping voltammetry is used to measure the presence of two analytes, in a sample of tap water.

In this Application Note, the electrochemical properties of electrodes with a micrometer-size surface area are compared with the electrochemical properties of electrodes with millimeter-size surface area. The comparison is made through cyclic voltammetry in a Fe3+/Fe2+ (ferro/ferri) solution, and the differences in the voltammograms are explained with the different diffusion profiles at the electrode-electrolyte interface.

Determination of water in moist particulate solids such as cobalt oxyhydroxide.

Determination of free acid in solutions containing metal ions, particularly Fe(III).

The presence of the hydrated ion [Fe(H2O)6]3+ can interfere with the determination of «free acid» due to the low pKa value (~2.2) of this ion. Ions of metals such as Fe, Cu, and Al can be masked effectively with fluoride, and permit the determination of the acid content by thermometric alkalimetric titration with good accuracy and precision.

This Application Note describes the determination of aluminum ion down to approximately 0.5 g/L in acidic solutions containing ferric, ferrous, and other ions whose hydroxides do not dissolve in strongly basic solutions.

This Application Note looks at the determination of ferrous ion in acidic solutions from approximately 0.25 g/L by thermometric titration with ceric titrant. The exothermic oxidation reaction shows a sharp endpoint that is detected using the Thermoprobe as a sensitive temperature sensor.

Gold leaching by cyanidation requires precise monitoring of cyanide and gold. Online process analyzers perform such measurements, improving safety and compliance.

This Process Application Note is dedicated to the online analysis of zinc, iron and sulfuric acid in several stages of the zinc production process. Additionally, traces of germanium, antimony, as well as several transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Cu, Cd) can be precisely determined (<50 µg/L) in the purification filtrates and reactor trains.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in cobalt acetate solution using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression using Metrohm Inline Dilution.

Simultaneous determination of titanium and iron by potentiometric titration with potassium dichromate using a platinum electrode. Before determination, Ti4+ and Fe3+ are reduced with Cr2+.

Determination of iron and nickel in binary mixtures by potentiometric titration with EDTA at different pH values using the Cu-ISE.

In many countries, the aluminum concentration in water is limited to 0.2 mg/L. This application note shows how the analysis of aluminum in water can be done fully automatically by complexometric titration with EDTA.

This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of barium in aqueous solutions with a copper ion-selective electrode.

This application note shows how to determine the bismuth content automatically in aqueous solution with potentiometric titration.

This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of zinc(II) in aqueous solutions with a copper ion-selective electrode.

Aluminum and magnesium ion mixtures are analyzed using back-titration at different pH values. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode. First, the aluminum is determined in acidic solution and then the magnesium in alkali solution.

Zinc and magnesium ion mixtures are analyzed using back-titration at different pH values. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode. First, the zinc is determined in acidic solution and then the magnesium in alkali solution.

Manganese in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in alkali solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.

This application note shows the use of an ion-selective copper electrode to measure the indium concentration in an aqueous solution.

Thallium in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in a weak acidic solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.

Zirconium can be analyzed quickly and easily in slightly acidic solutions with back titration. The ion-selective copper electrode is used in this Application Note to determine zirconium in aqueous solution.

Copper can be determined using photometric titration with EDTA at a wavelength of 520 nm.

This application note describes the analysis of cadmium in aqueous solution using a copper ion-selective electrode with Cu-EDTA complex used as an indicator.

This application note describes the fast, accurate determination of cobalt with a copper ion-selective electrode (Cu ISE) and Cu-EDTA complex as an indicator.

This Application Note describes the automated complexometric determination of copper with the Cu ISE.

Nickel can be determined with the Cu ISE. A small amount of Cu-EDTA complex is used as an indicator, as the Cu ISE is not selective for nickel itself.

Lead can be analyzed with the Cu ISE. Diammonium tartrate is added to the solution to prevent the precipitation of lead hydroxide in the alkali titration medium.

Barium is analyzed in alkali media using direct titration with EDTA. Phthalein purple is used as the indicator; the equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Cobalt is analyzed in aqueous solutions using direct titration with EDTA at a pH value of 9. The indicator is murexide. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Mercury can be determined in alkali media using back titration with zinc sulfate. Eriochrome black T is used as the indicator for this procedure. The Optrode is used for indication at a wavelength of 502 nm.

Palladium is determined at a pH value of 4 to 5 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

Tin with EDTA forms very stable complexes in its divalent and tetravalent forms. Hydroxo complexes form in alkali media, which is also why tin is titrated in an acidic medium (pH 2.1). Xylenol orange is used as the indicator. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Thallium is titrated in slightly acidic medium as Tl(III). Xylenol orange is used as the indicator to determine the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Zirconium is titrated directly with EDTA in acidic aqueous solution (buffer, pH 1). Eriochrome cyanine R is used as the indicator for this procedure. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 520 nm.

Thorium is titrated with EDTA at a pH value of 4.9. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Nickel analysis can be carried out conveniently in alkali media using photometric titration. Murexide is used as the indicator for visualization of the endpoint. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Cadmium can be determined in aqueous solutions using back titration with zinc sulfate. Eriochrome black T is used as the indicator for this procedure. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

Gallium is determined at a pH value of 4.7 using back titration with zinc sulfate. Xylenol orange is used as the indicator for visualization of the equivalence point. The equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

OMNIS is the ideal system for quick and accurate determination of aluminum in aluminum chloride using complexometric back titration with an ion-selective copper electrode (Cu-ISE). Copper sulfate is used as the titrant.

The knowledge of the exact silver content of silver allows used for jewelry is very important to ensure the quality of jewelry. Therefore, the determination procedure is regulated internationally and nationally. A common approach is the titration with potassium bromide after an acidic digestion of the silver using a silver electrode for indication.

The lithium-ion battery market is continuously growing due to the tremendous demand for battery powered consumer products. So-called «NCMs», a mixture of nickel, cobalt, and manganese oxides, have been gathering interest as cathode materials, replacing traditional compounds like cobalt oxides.Quality analysis of the post-sintered materials or recycled batteries can be performed by titration, as demonstrated in this Application Note. A fully automated analysis of the corresponding metals can be performed with OMNIS and its pipetting equipment.

Simultaneous determination of Sb and Bi in an alkaline ZnO solution.

Determination of Al in alkaline ZnO solution with Eriochrome Blue Black R at 60 °C.

Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co in FeCl3 solution of 40%.

Nickel can be determined in concentrated zinc solutions by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE using ammonia buffer as supporting electrolyte and dimethylglyoxime (DMG) as complexing agent. The determination of cobalt does not work under these conditions as the very high Zn2+ concentration interferes with the Co signal. Therefore, an alternative complexing agent has to be used: α-benzil dioxime in ammonia buffer under addition of sodium nitrite.

The concentration of total Sb in zinc plant electrolytes is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in 5 mol/L HCl. If 0.6 mol/L HCl is used, only the concentration of antimony(III) is determined selectively. The interference of an excess of Cu is suppressed by the selective oxidation of Cu. Nevertheless, the concentration of Cu in the sample limits the amount of sample that can be used for the determination.

Germanium can be determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE using acetate buffer as supporting electrolyte and catechol as complexing agent.

Thallium and cadmium can be determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at the HMDE (Tl) and polarography at the DME (Cd), respectively using aqueous hydrochloric acid as supporting electrolyte. Since Cd is present in high excess and would therefore interfere with the determination of thallium, a post electrolysis procedure is applied to remove the co-deposited metal from the mercury drop.

Germanium is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE using aqueous sulfuric acid as supporting electrolyte and pyrocatechol violet as complexing agent. It is possible to determine 20 µg/L Ge in a sample containing 150 g/L Zn, 3 g/L Cd and 1 mg/L Pb.

The concentration of Se(IV) in zinc plant electrolyte is determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) in ammonium sulfate electrolyte containing EDTA and Cu. The Cu concentration has to be adapted to the sample and the deposition time. With voltammetry only free selenium is determined, therefore it has to be taken into consideration that selenium forms sparingly soluble compounds with numerous cations (e.g. Fe2(SeO3 )3 with Ks = 2·10-31).

The concentration of Te(IV) in Zn plant electrolyte is determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) in ammonium sulfate electrolyte containing EDTA and Cu. To get a proper complexation of the interfering Zn a high amount of EDTA is necessary at pH 3.4.

The concentration of Co in zinc plant electrolyte (neutral zinc sulfate solution) is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) in ammonia buffer with α-furildioxime as complexing agent.

The concentration of Pb in zinc sulfate solution is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in hydrochloric acid electrolyte.

The concentration of As(total) in zinc plant electrolyte is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on a lateral gold electrode in HCl electrolyte. Due to the high excess of zinc in the sample the deposition potential has to be adapted. A second potential approx. 100 mV more negative than the arsenic signal has to be applied to selectively oxidize interfering antimony. For sample preparation the sample was passed through a cation exchange column to reduce the concentration of zinc in the measuring solution.

The concentration of of Sb(III) in zinc plant electrolyte is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) with chloranilic acid as complexing agent. In this method high copper concentrations do not interfere. An approx. 10-fold excess of lead interferes, since it shows a signal close to the antimony. With the parameters given below the working range of this method is 1 - 30 µg/L antimony(III) with respect to the concentration in the measuring vessel.

Electrochemical measurements utilizing a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) are widely used in industrial corrosion applications when simulation of realistic pipe conditions are necessary in a lab environment. This white paper allows further insight into the particularities and parameters which govern the electrochemical measurements, in particular measurements performed in turbulent flow conditions, and shows a complete picture of the best practice use of this technique. The annexes provide an overview and short explanation of the parameters and laws specific to the fluid behavior in electrochemical cells with RCE.