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The Devanathan-Stachurski cell (or «H cell») is successfully used to evaluate the permeation of hydrogen through sheets or membranes. An H cell consists of two electrochemical compartments separated by a sheet which acts as a working electrode (WE) in both cells.

This setup allows the generation of hydrogen (H2) in the charging cell by applying a controlled potential or constant current. Hydrogen diffuses through the sample (i.e., sheet or membrane) and is electrochemically detected in the oxidation compartment where the H2 is oxidized by applying a constant potential [1]. The anodic current is directly proportional to the amount of hydrogen penetrating through the sample with time.

As small amounts of hydrogen pass through the sheet or membrane, a very sensitive potentiostat is required for its detection. In addition, since the two electrochemical cells share the same WE, two independent channels in floating mode with galvanostatic isolation are used. A study of the hydrogen permeation properties of different iron sheets is discussed in this Application Note while taking the instrumental requirements into account.

Calculation of the steady-state permeation current

The steady-state permeation current (Jss) of hydrogen transient curves gives information about the subsurface concentration of hydrogen atoms at the charging surface (C0).

Where Jss is the atomic hydrogen permeation flux at steady-state, A is the exposed area of the sample in the oxidation cell, F is the Faraday constant, D1 is the lattice diffusion coefficient of atomic hydrogen, C0 is the subsurface concentration of hydrogen as measured at the charging side of the sample, and L is the thickness of the sample.

Fundamental Concepts

 

When only reversible trapping is important and the permeation transient can be represented by Fick’s first law of diffusion. Where Deff is the effective diffusivity of atomic hydrogen. This characteristic parameter can be calculated based on three different methods.

Fundamental Concepts

 

1. The elapse time (tlag) method considers the following equation when the normalized flux of atomic hydrogen (J(t)/Jss) is equal to 0.63:

Fundamental Concepts

 

2. The breakthrough time (tb) method is based on the following equation:

3. With the slope method, Deff can be calculated from the slope of a plot of log(|JssJ(t)|) vs. 1/t.

Electrochemical experiments are performed using μStat-i Multi16 (STAT-I-MULTI16, Figure 1), a multichannel bipotentiostat, galvanostat, and impedance analyzer (MultiplEIS® technology). Galvanic isolation is required for hydrogen permeation experiments when working in floating mode. A galvanic isolation option is available in groups of four channels in μStat-i Multi16.

The H cell (H-CELL, Figure 1) consists of two electrochemical compartments (250 mL) and PTFE caps with holes of different diameters suitable for a variety of electrodes. This cell provides an exposed area of 1.77 cm2  (1.5 cm diameter).

μStat-i Multi16 instrument with H-CELL
Figure 1. μStat-i Multi16 instrument with H-CELL

In the charging cell where the hydrogen generation takes place, a platinum counter electrode (CE, PT.SHEET) and Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE, 6.0733.100) are used. A steel CE (6.0343.110) and Ag/AgCl RE (6.0728.120) are used in the detection cell. Both compartments of the H cell use the same WE—in this case, iron sheets 2 mm thick.

DropView 8400M software controls the μStat-i Multi16 instrument and includes dedicated tools for the analysis of hydrogen permeation experiments.

In order to remove the hydrogen already present in the iron samples, metallic sheets are pretreated at 80 ºC overnight before the experiments are performed.

The charging cell is filled with 0.1 mol/L HCl and 0.2 g/L As2O3 as hydrogen precursor, while 0.1 mol/L NaOH is used in the detection cell. Hydrogen permeation studies involve the following procedure:

  1. Initially, amperometric detection is performed in the detection cell by applying +0.30 V. The charging cell is not activated.
  2. Decay of the current must be observed in the detection cell. The decay time depends on the sample that is being tested.
  3. Once the current acquired in the detection cell is close to 0 μA, a cathodic polarization is carried out in the charging cell. According to ASTM G148 [1], charging transient is performed considering currents of -1 mA/cm2. Potentiometric detection at -1.8 mA is applied in the experiments shown in this Application Note.
  4. Detection of hydrogen flux through the WE requires different times depending on the properties of the sheet (e.g., composition, structure, porosity, etc.). In order to carry out a decay transient, the electrochemical generation of hydrogen in the charging cell is stopped while the detection cell continues the amperometric measurement.

Steps 3 and 4 can be repeated to produce consecutive charging and decay transients, respectively.

Charging and decay transients of two iron sheets
Figure 2. Charging and decay transients of two iron sheets

Two iron sheets of 2 mm thickness are evaluated using the procedure explained in the previous section. Figure 2 shows the charging and decay transients obtained with these samples.

Different electrochemical profiles are obtained depending on the properties of each sample. For example, iron sheet 1 (Figure 2, in orange) exhibits the highest hydrogen diffusivity due to the higher current recorded. On the other hand, sample 2 (Figure 2, in blue) not only shows a lower current, but also a delay in the hydrogen transport due to its lower permeability.

H2 Permeation
Figure 3. Select the «Analysis» option for «H2 Permeation» in the Data Analysis drop-down menu.

Experimental results are analyzed using the H2 permeation module implemented in DropView 8400M. To facilitate the understanding of this tool, only the permeation through sample sheet 2 is explained.

1. Select the electrochemical curve and click on «H2 Permeation» in the Data Analysis drop-down menu (Figure 3). Then, select the «Analysis» option.

 Type in the specimen thickness and the exposed area
Figure 4. Type in the specimen thickness and the exposed area

2. In the empty fields, type the thickness and the exposed area of the sample used in the experiment (Figure 4). Click the «Calculate» button to obtain the characteristic parameters associated with the evaluated sample.

 Select two points in the charging transient to apply the  fitting analysis
Figure 5. Select two points in the charging transient to apply the fitting analysis

3. Two points must be selected: the first one before the charging transient starts, and the second one when the system achieves a steady state (Figure 5).

Characteristic parameters are automatically calculated  in the software
Figure 6. Characteristic parameters are automatically calculated in the software

4. Different parameters such as the effective diffusivity of atomic hydrogen (Deff), the subsurface concentration of atomic hydrogen at the charging side (C0), and the time to achieve a value of normalized flux of atomic hydrogen (J(t)/Jss) = 0.63 (tlag) are then automatically calculated (Figure 6).

https://metrohm.scene7.com/is/image/metrohm/an-ec-032-7?ts=1709722457419&dpr=off

5. In Figure 7, two additional curves are plotted in the graphical representation apart from the raw curve (in blue): «CalcFlux» (red line) corresponds to the applied algorithm and «NormFlux» (black line) is associated with the normalized hydrogen flux (secondary axis).

The obtained results are always available just by selecting the «CalcFlux» curve (Figure 7, in red) and the «View results» option included in the H2 permeation module (Figure 3).

CalcFlux» (red line) and «NormFlux» (black line)
Figure 7. CalcFlux» (red line) and «NormFlux» (black line)

Following the described steps, Deff, C0, and tlag for the two iron samples are obtained (Table 1).

Table 1. Characteristic parameters obtained from the hydrogen charging transient.

Sample Deff (cm2/s) C0 (mol/m3) tlag (s)
1 1.35 × 10-5 4.231 500
2 1.11 × 10-5 3.136 600

This Application Note illustrates the use of the Metrohm DropSens μStat-i Multi16 instrument to perform hydrogen permeation experiments according to ASTM G148. This instrument allows users to work with two channels in floating mode and offers the required sensitivity for these studies.

μStat-i Multi16 allows users to perform multi-hydrogen permeation experiments with up to eight H cells in only one instrument.

The H cell used in this study consists of two compartments: the charging cell to generate hydrogen and the detection (or oxidation) cell to detect the hydrogen permeated through the working electrode.

DropView 8400M software includes dedicated tools for the analysis of these experiments. The H2 permeation module allows easy and quick fitting of the hydrogen transients and the automatic calculation of experimental parameters such as the effective diffusivity and the concentration of hydrogen.

  1. ASTM International. Standard Practice for Evaluation of Hydrogen Uptake, Permeation, and Transport in Metals by an Electrochemical Technique; ASTM G148-97(2018); ASTM International, 2018. DOI:10.1520/G0148-97R18
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