Application Finder

100% starting materials identification testing is one of the FDA’s directives as per 211.84 for FDA regulated industries such as Pharmaceutical, Vaccines, Cosmetics, Tobacco, Animal veterinary products, Food, etc. STRam®-1064 is a Raman analyzer uniquely suited for this purpose. It measures samples through thick packaging materials such as plastics, multilayer kraft paper sacks, and HDPE containers. A long wavelength laser is used to suppress fluorescence. The ID algorithm isolates the sample signature by subtracting that of the packaging material and compares that with library spectra to achieve identification.

Fructose (fruit sugar) is the only ketose that occurs naturally. It is found free in a mixture with dextrose (honey, sweet fruits, tomatoes) or bound as a component of cane sugar and various starch-like carbohydrates. As fructose tastes sweeter than dextrose, it finds great use as a sweetening agent.In 1932, the polarographic reducibility of sugar was described for the first time by Heyrovsky and Smoler. The following method can be used to determine the fructose content of fruit, fruit juice and honey quantitatively.

This Bulletin is a supplement to Application Bulletin no. 36 (Half-wave potentials of inorganic substances) in the sense that the half-wave potentials of 100 different organic substances are listed. At the same time the supporting electrolytes used and the limits of determination are given.The various substances are listed in alphabetical order. The most important polarographically active functional groups are taken into consideration. This means that substances for related structures can also be determined polarographically in the same or similar supporting electrolytes, although they may not appear in the list.Unless otherwise stated, the half-wave potentials refer to a temperature of 20 °C, and the potentials are given in volts, measured with a sat. KCI-Ag/AgCl electrode assembly.The determination limits give the smallest concentrations which can be measured without risking serious errors in the results. In all cases, the limit of detection lies below the limit of determination.

This method is applicable to all samples containing glycerin in the absence of other triols or other compounds that react with periodate to produce acidic products. Glycerin may be determined in the presence of glycols. A periodate solution reacts slowly with diols and triols in acidic aqueous media at room temperature. A quantitative amount of formic acid is generated from the reaction with glycerin (a triol). The reaction with diols produces neutral aldehydes. The amount of formic acid generated by this reaction is determined by titration against sodium hydroxide.

Ink is a complex mixture that, along with numerous additives, is comprised mainly of solvent, dye, water and surfactant. Vis-NIR spectroscopy is outstandingly suitable for providing rapid and reliable determinations of constituents in the context of quality controls. This Application Note describes the determination of diethylene glycol (DEG), water, dye and surfactant.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as an analysis method for quality control of aqueous xanthan gum solutions. Quantitative models for the determination of optical density, glucose, and xanthan gum were developed, enabling fast and reliable quality control.

This Application Note describes a fast method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine and glycerin in liquid mixtures used for electronic cigarettes. With visible near infrared spectroscopy (VIS-NIRS), results are available without sample preparation, thus making VIS-NIRS highly suited for fast quality control.

The production of biofuels from renewable feedstock has grown immensely in the past several years. Bioethanol is one of the most interesting alternatives for fossil fuels, since it can be produced from raw materials rich in sugars and starch. Ethanol fermentation is one of the oldest and most important fermentation processes used in the biotechnology industry. Although the process is well-known, there is a great potential for its improvement and a proportional reduction in production costs. Due to the seasonal variation of feedstock quality, ethanol producers to need to monitor the fermentation process to ensure the same quality product is achieved. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers rapid and reliable prediction of ethanol content, sugars, Brix, lactic acid, pH, and total solids at any stage of the fermentation process.

Cell fermentation processes are a reliable production method for small molecules and protein-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The fermentation process requires monitoring of many different parameters to ensure optimal production. These quality parameters include pH, bacterial content, potency, glucose, and concentration of reducing sugars. Traditional laboratory analysis takes a significant amount of time and requires different analytical techniques to monitor these different quality parameters. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a faster and more cost-efficient alternative to traditional methods for the determination of critical parameters in fermentation broths at any stage of the fermentation process.

NIRS enables rapid, chemical-free analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and Brix in fruit juices without sample prep, offering a fast alternative to traditional methods.

Key quality parameters in the food industry include sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and Brix (dissolved sugar content). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows fast simultaneous determination of multiple sugars without chemicals or any sample preparation.

Brix, Pol, juice purity, reducing sugars, and total recoverable sugars are some of the many quality control (QC) parameters that must be analyzed in sugarcane juice. An alternative to other analytical methods is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS allows the fast, simultaneous determination of several QC constituents without chemicals or sample preparation.

Near-infrared spectroscopy saves time and resources by simultaneously measuring key quality parameters like lactose, moisture, fat, and protein content in milk powder.

NIR spectroscopy can measure several honey quality parameters simultaneously in just a few seconds without any sample preparation as shown in this Application Note.

NIR spectroscopy measures ice cream quality parameters like total solids, fat content, lactose, protein percentage, sucrose content, and calories in seconds.

NIRS simultaneously measures important quality parameters in whey permeate (i.e., ash, phosphate, lactose, protein, pH, and moisture) without any sample preparation.

Determination of sucrose, glucose, and sucralose in a low-calorie sweetener using ion-exclusion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection after post-column addition of sodium hydroxide.

Nutritionally, banana fruit is a good source of mineral elements and vitamins A and C. Bananas begin the ripening process as soon as they are harvested, when they contain approximately 20-25% starch and 1% sugar. When the bananas turn yellow with some brown spots, they are fully ripened, and the ratio is completely reversed.

The determination of sugar and sugar alcohols is very important for food analysis. The Dose-in Gradient system extends the gradient capability of the standard IC system. The isocratic system is expanded to form a binary gradient system with just one 800 Dosino and one T-piece.

Lactose intolerance means that lactose cannot be digested. Lactose is contained in milk and milk products. "Lactose-free milk" is analyzed following Inline Dialysis. No lactose was detected in the milk sample investigated. The chromatogram of the spiked sample corresponds to the limit value of 100 mg/L that applies for lactose-free milk. The separation is performed on the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0 column.

EU Regulation 1169/2011 defines rules for nutrition declaration on foodstuffs. The objective is to provide food information to the general public and to label food ingredients that are hazardous to health when consumed in larger quantities. This Application Note describes the determination of four sugars in honey.

The separation of sugar and sugar alcohols in beverages is performed on a Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0 type column using sensitive pulsed amperometric detection as the detection method. The method is explained exemplarily on an apple beverage.

The lactulose/rhamnose (L/R) intestinal permeability test is used for the diagnosis of dysfunctional intestinal permeabilities. This test comprises the determination of mannitol, rhamnose, lactose and lactulose in addition to the usual blood sugars, e.g. glucose, galactose and saccharose. This Application Note presents the analysis of a blood plasma sample enriched with the four sugars mentioned above.Key word: leaky gut syndrome

A low-pressure gradient enables the separation of sugar acids strongly retained on the column and sugars within an appropriate analysis time. The saccharides are separated on a column of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0 type with subsequent pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). Galactose and arabinose are not completely separated under the selected conditions.

This Application Note describes the separation of inositol, mannitol, glucose, xylose, fructose, lactose, sucrose and cellobiose on a column of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0 type with subsequent pulsed amperometric detection (PAD).

Polyols and sugars in soaps enhance the stability and the size of air bubbles and foam. In addition to the polyol glycerin, sugar alcohols and sugars are often added to soaps. The determination of sorbitol and saccharose in a transparent soap takes place on a column of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0 type with subsequent pulsed amperometric detection (PAD).

Biodiesel or green diesel is manufactured from fats and vegetable oils through ester interchange of the triglycerides they contain, during which glycerin accumulates as byproducts in both free and bonded forms. These accelerate fuel ageing and lead to deposits and clogged filters, which is why maximum permissible highest concentrations have been established (in the US in ASTM D6751 and in the EU in EN 14214).The two specifications prescribe the ion chromatography determination of free and bonded glycerin. This Note describes the determination with the aid of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0 column in accordance with ASTM D7591.

As a result of the private burning of wood, concentrations of levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan in the air are usually increased during the winter months. By contrast, a greater contribution of sugar components originating from biogenic sources can be anticipated in the summer months. Optimum separation and sensitivity of the saccharide markers that collect on air filters are achieved on the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/2.0 column with subsequent pulsed amperometric detection.

EU Regulation 1169/2011 defines rules for nutrition declaration on foodstuffs. The objective is to provide food information to the general public and to label food ingredients that are hazardous to health when consumed in larger quantities. This Application Note describes the determination of three sugars in apple juice with the aid of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/2.0 column.

EU Regulation 1169/2011 defines rules for nutrition declaration on foodstuffs. The objective is to provide food information to the general public and to label food ingredients that are hazardous to health when consumed in larger quantities. This Application Note describes the determination of fruit yogurt with the aid of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/2.0 column.

Besides the typical sugar components, orange juice contains inositol. This sugar alcohol serves as an important signaling and messenger molecule. This Application Note shows the determination of inositol besides glucose, fructose, and sucrose in orange juice on a Metrosep Carb 2 - 150/4.0 column with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD).

This Application Note shows the determination of glucose and galactose in a 2% solution of lactose. The separation is achieved on a Hamilton RCX-30 - 250/4.6 applying pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) at a gold electrode. Instrument control, data acquisition, and data handling is done by Empower 3.0 using the Metrohm IC Driver 2.0 for Empower.

Mono- and disaccharides, often just called sugars, are constituents in many food products. They need to be quantified for declaration reasons. A flow gradient – on a microbore Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0 column – ensures the separation of the monosaccharides while the disaccharides still elute before 50 min.

Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide consisting of glucose units. Maltodextrins are classified as dextrose equivalents (DE, with DE = 3–20). This application shows the determination of glucose (DE = 1), maltose (DE = 2) till maltoheptaose (DE = 7). The separation is achieved on a Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0 column with subsequent pulsed amperometric detection (PAD).

The separation of lactose, lactobionic acid, sialic acid*, 6’-sialyllactose, and 3’-sialyllactose is shown as a proof of concept for the control of these components in fermentation process for a pharmaceutical product. The acceptance criterion of a minimum resolution of the peaks (< 1.3) is reached. The separation is achieved on a Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0 column with subsequent pulsed amperometric detection.

Cooked Italian pasta consists of about 30% carbohydrates, mainly starch. Sugars are water soluble and therefore most of them are extracted into the cooking water. This application identifies and quantifies the extractable sugars after water extraction of pasta at 60 °C.

The Metrohm IC Driver for OpenLab CDS opens ion chromatography to the world of HPLC, running under OpenLab CDS. In this application, a soft drink is analyzed for sugars and sugar alcohol content applying pulsed amperometric detection.

Beer wort is the liquid in which malt starch is converted enzymatically into sugars and is additionally flavored and preserved with hops. The most important sugars for beer brewing are maltose and maltotriose, which will be fermented into alcohol by the added brewing yeast. The composition of carbohydrates in wort is determined on a Metrosep Carb 2 - 250/4.0 column applying a Dose-in gradient to optimize resolution and duration of the analysis.

Application: Free and total carbohydrate determination in instant coffee with IC-PAD according to AOAC 996.04 and ISO 11292.

This Application Note presents ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection as fast and reliable method to determine low level lactose in complex matrices such as infant formula.

Worldwide, milk and dairy products are vital sources for human nutrition. A major component and energy source in dairy products is lactose. To efficiently metabolize lactose, the enzyme lactase is indispensable. However, globally nearly 70% of the population is lactose intolerant and they have difficulties to digest lactose. Lactose malabsorption leads to numerous gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms and other complaints with varying extents. Therefore, consumers rely on accurate food labels and for manufacturers appropriate sensitive analytical techniques are a must to comply with these demands. Ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD) enables the determination of very low lactose contents. Validation according to AOAC requirements shows the high sensitivity and reliability of this method as a routine analysis.

Many fermentation quality parameters can be monitored simultaneously directly in the tank with inline near-infrared spectroscopy, such as the 2060 The NIR Analyzer.

This Process Application Note presents a method to accurately monitor lactic acid and glucose inside a bioreactor in «real-time» with the 2060 Raman Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

This Application Note describes the Raman spectroscopy identification of sugars such as D-galactose, D-glucose, D-maltose, D-mannose, D-sorbitol, fructose, sucrose and inositol. Rapid and non-destructive determination takes place after a suitable spectrum database has been created. Measurements with the portable Raman spectrometer Mira M-1 require no sample preparation and provide immediate and unambiguous results.

Determination of reducing sugars in wine and candies according to Fehlings method by potentiometric/iodometric titration using the Pt-Titrode.

Efficiently analyze food products with ion chromatography (IC). Discover its robust applications in quality control for beverages, food additives, and dairy.

Handheld Raman is ever evolving. The combination of large libraries, a compact and easy-to-use system, and predictive Hazmat software make MIRA DS a powerful tool for defense and security professionals. Identify on-site materials, get hazard information, and make quick decisions about response to dangerous situations.

The fermentation of corn starch to produce ethanol is a complex biochemical process that requires monitoring of many different parameters (e.g., solids, pH, sugar profile, glycerol, lactic and acetic acid, and water and ethanol content). Traditional laboratory analysis using primary methods (e.g. Karl Fischer titration) takes about an hour to complete and is a limiting step for increasing plant capacity and efficiency. As a fast and non-destructive analytical technique, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can replace routine laboratory analysis, decreasing operating costs and increasing plant efficiency and capacity. This White Paper describes the capabilities of the modern analytical method near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for monitoring and improving the fermentation process of corn to ethanol.

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children in many countries. The capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Hib plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. The polysaccharide capsule hides cell surface components from elements of the mammalian immune system, such as antibodies and complement proteins that otherwise would activate mechanisms to kill the pathogen. Vaccines require rigorous characterization and assays to ensure final product quality and consistency. For glycoconjugate vaccines, it is important to measure both free and total PS to ensure the quality. A large amount of unconjugated PS may suppress immunity to the antigen. Additionally, the presence of free PS is a key indicator of process consistency. Current methods to determine PS content in vaccines such as Hib are imprecise and unreliable, especially if the vaccine contains a sugar stabilizer (e.g. lactose). Ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD, or HPAEC-PAD) offers a simpler procedure and better sensitivity than other assays to quantify PS (here, polyribosylribitol phosphate [PRP]) in Hib vaccine.

Free white paper gives comprehensive overview of how to reliably assess the quality of infant formula with ion chromatography.