Practical Titration - Training Manual for Titrimetric Volumetric Analysis
Free Metrohm Monograph about Titration
This tutorial is primarily intended for training purposes but can also,
of course, be used to advantage in any laboratory. It is intended
to explain the theory in a simple manner and, by using practical
examples, demonstrate just how versatile and accurate titrimetric
analyses are. The individual methods and procedures also provide
the reader with many useful tips and explanations.
The titrations can be carried out by any Metrohm
titrator (Titrando,
Titrino, Titroprocessor) as a matter of course.
Table of contents
I. Theoretical part
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Titration reactions
I.3 Indication methods
I.4 Electrodes
I.5 Titrants: preparation and titer determination
II. Practical part
II. 1 Acid-base titrations and methods, aqueous
II. 1.1 Electrode calibration and electrode handling
II. 1.2 Titer determination of hydrochloric acid, c(HCl)
= 0.1 mol/L with Tris
II. 1.3 Titer determination of hydrochloric acid,
c(HCl) = 0.1 mol/L and validation
of the titrator
II. 1 4 Titration of NaOH
II. 1.5 Titration of NaOH containing a small amount
of Na2CO3
II. 1.6 Titration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
II. 1.7 Titration of acetic acid, DET and endpoint
titration (SET)
II. 1.8 Titration of phosphoric acid (H3PO4), DET
and MET
II. 1.9 Titration of boric acid (H3BO3) with and
without addition of mannitol
II. 1.10 Titration of the acid and base capacity
(p and m values) with fixed EPs and
calculation of the carbonate hardness
II. 1.11 Formol number in vegetable juices
II. 2 Acid-base titrations and methods, non-aqueous
II. 2.1 General and additional remarks about non-aqueous
titrations
II. 2.2 Titer determination of perchloric acid, c(HClO4)
= 0.1 mol/L in glacial acetic acid
II. 2.3 Titer determination of alcoholic c(KOH) = 0.1 mol/L
II. 2.4 Titration of nitrating acid (HNO3 / H2SO4 mixture)
II. 2.5 Acid number in petrochemical products with alcoholic
KOH
II. 2.6 Determining the ephedrine hydrochloride content according
to Pharm. Europe
II. 2.7 Determining the ephedrine hydrochloride content according
to USP 24/25
II. 2.8 Benzoic acid in H2O, ethanol, acetone, MIBK and acetonitrile
II. 2.9 Aniline in H2O, ethanol, acetone, dioxan/IPA and acetonitrile
II. 3 Precipitation titrations
II. 3.1 Titer determination of c(AgNO3) = 0.1 mol/L
II. 3.2 Chloride (NaCl) in meat bouillon
II. 3.3 Chloride in drinking water
II. 3.4 Sulfide in wastewater
II. 3.5 Cyanide in wastewater
II. 3.6 Mixture of chloride, bromide and iodide with and
without added acetone
II. 3.7 Cationic surfactant in mouth rinses
II. 3.8 Anionic surfactants and soaps in washing powder,
potentiometric
two-phase titration
II. 3.9 Calibration factor for nonionic surfactants
II. 3.10 Nonionic surfactants in household cleaners
II. 4 Redox titrations and methods
II. 4.1 Iodometry (iodine/thiosulfate)
II. 4.2 Chromatometry
II. 4.3 Cerimetry
II. 4.4 Permanganatometry
II. 4.5 Thiosulfate with iodine, potentiometric, biamperometric
and bivoltametric
titration
II. 4.6 Bromine index in petrochemical products
II. 4.7 Free sulfurous acid (SO2) in wine
II. 4.8 Oxygen content in water, Winkler method
II. 4.9 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in disinfectants, with
KMnO4
II. 4.10 Diazotization titration with NaNO2
II. 4.11 Bromatometry
II. 5 Complexometric and chelometric methods
II. 5.1 Titer determination of c(Na2EDTA) = 0.1 mol/L with
CaCO3
II. 5.2 Ca and sulfate content in tap water with the
Ca ISE
II. 5.3 Ca and Mg content (total hardness) in water with
the Ca ISE
II. 5.4 Total hardness in drinking water with the Ca
ISE
II. 5.5 Total hardness in drinking water with the Spectrosense
610 nm
II. 5.6 Nickel in a nickel electroplating bath with the
Cu ISE
II. 5.7 Calcium in milk with the Cu ISE
II. 5.8 Aluminum in antacids with the Spectrosense 610
nm
II. 5.9 Iron in cement with the Spectrosense 610 nm
III. Appendix
Further and/or cited literature – standardized methods
275 years – the history of titrimetric analysis
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